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SHIN&fO 


\nmni\ 


irB' Insurance 


•HisT<Mii#it 


Actuarial  ^nd 


Gordon  Thomson 
1882-1950 


THE 


WASHINGTON 


Life  Insurance  Company 


HISTORICAL,  ACTUARIAL  AND    MEDICAL 
STATISTICS 


NEW    YORK 

PUBLISHED    BY  THE    COMPANY 

1889 


Copyright,  1889,  by 
THE  WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO. 


lAO  rights  reserved^ 

GIFT 


Press  of  J.  J.  Little  &  Co. 
Astor  Place,  New  York. 


HISTORICAL. 


iM751403 


THE 


WASHINGTON   LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY 


OF    NEW    YORK. 


W.  A.  BREWER,  Jr.,  President 

W.  HAXTUN,  Vice-President  and  Secretary. 

E.  S.  FRENCH,  Sup't  of  Agencies. 

CYRUS  MUNN,  Ass't  Secretary. 

ISRAEL  C.  PIERSON,  Actuary. 
B.  W.  McCREADY,  M.D.,  Consulting  Physician. 

J.  W.  BRANNAN,  M.D.,  Medical  Examiner. 

FOSTER  &  THOMSON,  Attorneys. 


BOARD    OF    DIRECTORS. 


W.  A.  BREWER,  jR. 
WM.  HAXTUN. 
ROLAND  G.  MITCHELL. 
GEORGE  N.  LAWRENCE. 
LEVI  P.  MORTON. 
ABIEL  A.  LOW. 
MERRITT  TRIMBLE. 
GEORGE  A.  ROBBINS. 
THOMAS  HOPE. 
JAMES  THOMSON. 
WILSON  G.  HUNT. 
CHAS.  H.  LUDINGTON. 


ROBERT  BOWNE. 
FRANCIS  SPEIR. 
FREDERIC  R.  COUDERT. 
GEORGE  NEWBOLD. 
BENJAMIN  HAXTUN. 
EDWIN  H.  MEAD. 
HENRY  F.  HITCH. 
CHARLES  P.  BRITTON. 
FRANCIS  G.  ADAMS. 
BENJAMIN  W.  McCREADY,  M.D. 
DAVID  THOMSON. 
HAROLD   A.  SANDERSON. 


The  Washington  Life  Insurance  Company 


Was  incorporated  January,  i860,  under  an  Act  of  the  Legislature 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  entitled,  "  An  Act  to  provide  for  the 
incorporation  of  Life  and  Health  Insurance  Companies,"  passed  June 
24,  1853,  and  the  Act  of  said  Legislature,  amendatory  thereof,  passed 
July  18,  1853. 

Under  the  Charter,  the  following  gentlemen  constituted  the  first 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Company  : 


♦ROBERT  B.  MINTURN, 
*GEORGE  GRISWOLD,  Jr., 

ROLAND  G.  MITCHELL, 
♦FREDERICK  G.  FOSTER, 
♦WILLIAM  H.  NEWMAN, 
♦FREDERICK  TRACY, 
♦WILLIAM  H.  ASPINWALL, 
*HENRY  W.  PECK, 

GEORGE  N.  LAWRENCE, 
♦THOMAS  H.  FAILE, 
♦LEWIS  F.  BATTELLE, 
♦JAMES  PUNNETT, 

LEVI   P.  MORTON, 
♦EFFINGHAM  TOWNSEND, 
*CLEAYTON    NEWBOLD, 
♦WILLIAM  F.  MOTT,  Jr., 

ABIEL  A.  LOW, 
*MARSHALL  LEFFERTS. 
*GUSTAV  SCHWAB, 
fWELLINGTON  CLAPP, 

MERRITT  TRIMBLE, 
♦LEOPOLD  BIERWIRTH, 

GEORGE  A.  ROBBINS, 
♦ROBERT  R.  WILLETS, 
♦CYRUS  CURTISS, 
♦JAMES  B.  JOHNSTON, 

*  Deceased. 


♦DAVID  WAGSTAFF, 
fABRAHAM  BININGER, 

DAVID  S.  EGLESTON, 
♦HENRY  S.  FEARING, 
♦JOHN  CASWELL, 
tARTHUR  F.  WILLMARTH, 

THOMAS  HOPE, 
♦ELLWOOD  WALTER, 
♦BENJAMIN  W.  BONNEY, 
♦FRANKLIN  F.  RANDOLPH, 
♦FREDERICK  W.  MACY, 
♦ANDREW  V.  STOUT, 
♦HENRY  SWIFT, 
♦DAVID  A.  WOOD, 
JEREMIAH    C.    GARTHWAITE, 

Newark,  N.  J., 
♦FREDERICK  WOOD, 

Bridgeport,  Conn., 
♦FREDERICK   CROSWELL, 

New  Haven,  Conn., 
♦MATTHEW   MITCHELL, 

Hudson,  N.  Y., 
fCHAS.  M.  JENKINS,  Albany,  N.  Y, 
♦BENJAMIN  F.  RAY,  Utica,  N.  Y, 
♦THOMAS  B.  FITCH,  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
♦GEORGE  R.BABCOCK,  Buffalo,  N.Y. 

f  Resigned. 


8  THE   WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

Marshall  Lefferts  and  David  S.  Egleston  failing  to  qualify 
as  Directors,  Thomas  A.  Patteson  and  James  Thomson  were  elected 
at  the  first  meeting  of  the  Board  to  fill  the  vacancies. 


The  first  meeting  of  the  Board  was  held  on  Saturday,  January 
21,   i860,  when 

CYRUS  CURTISS  was  elected  President,      .. 

CLEAYTON  NEWBOLD  was  elected  Vice-President, 

WILLIAM  A.  BREWER,  Jr.,  was  appointed  Secretary  and  Actuary, 

GEORGE  T.  ELLIOT,  Jr.,  "  ''  Physician, 

FOSTER  &  THOMSON  were  appointed  Attorneys, 

GEORGE  N.  TITUS  was  appointed  Counsel. 

The   following   gentlemen    have  been   elected    Directors   to   fill 
vacancies  as  they  have  occurred  from  time  to  time  in  the  Board  : 

^ROBERT  H.  BERDELL,  *JOHN  H.  SHERWOOD, 

*JOHN  G.  VOSE,  WILSON  G.  HUNT, 

GEORGE  NEWBOLD,  CHARLES   H.  LUDINGTON, 

fWILLIAM  H.  COX,  ROBERT  BOWNE, 

tFRANCIS  H.  STOTT,  *ISAAC  HINCKLEY, 

*NEWEL  C.  HALL,  fCHARLES  M.  GRIFFITHS, 

tSTEPHEN  T  SOUDER,  *NATHANIEL  L.  McCREADY, 

fHENRY  P.  ROSS,  ^SHERMAN  D.  PHELPS, 

*WILLIAM  LINTZ,  *L.  L^ONCE  COUDERT, 

FRANCIS  SPEIR,  *PAYNE  PETTEBONE, 

WILLIAM  HAXTUN,  fJOHN  H.  CASWELL, 
BENJAMIN  HAXTUN,  EDWIN  H.  MEAD, 

*J.  P.  GIRAUD  FOSTER,  FRANCIS  G.  ADAMS, 
CHARLES  P.  BRITTON,  FREDERIC  R.  COUDERT, 

BENJAMIN  W.  McCREADY,  M.D.,  DAVID  THOMSON. 
WILLIAM  A.  BREWER,  Jr.,  HAROLD   A.  SANDERSON. 

July    17,    1866,    Mr.    Cyrus    Munn    was    appointed    Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Company. 

*  Deceased.  f  Resigned. 


HISTORICAL.  9 

At  the  Annual  Meeting,  held  April  9,  1867,  Mr.  Newbold 
tendered  his  resignation  as  Vice-President,  on  account  of  long- 
continued  ill-health.  The  Board  refused  to  accept  his  resignation, 
and  elected  him  Vice-President  for  another  year ;  at  the  same  time 
electing  Mr.  Matthew  Mitchell  to  act  as  Vice-President  during 
the  illness  of  Mr.  Newbold. 


Mr.  Newbold,  after  many  months  of  suffering,  died  April  28,  1867. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  The  Washington  Life 
Insurance  Company,  held  July  16,  1867,  the  death  of  Cleayton 
Newbold,  Vice-President  of  the  Company,  having  been  announced, 
the  following  tribute  to  his  memory  was  unanimously  approved  and 
ordered  to  be  entered  on  the  minutes,  and  a  copy  thereof  presented 
to  his  family  in  testimony  of  their  respect  and  sympathy : 

"The  Board  of  Directors  of  The  Washington  Life  Insurance 
Company  receive  with  profound  sorrow  the  intelligence  of  the 
death  of  their  Vice-President,  Cleayton  Newbold. 

"In  recording  the  sad  event,  they  cannot  refrain  from  expressing 
their  painful  sense  of  its  import,  as  a  loss  to  this  Institution  and  to 
the  community,  and  as  a  bereavement  to  his  family,  which  awakens 
their  heartfelt  sympathy. 

"  Connected  with  this  Company  as  its  Vice-President  from  its  very 
commencement,  and  largely  instrumental  in  its  organization,  Mr. 
Newbold  brought  to  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office  the 
prerequisites  of  intelligence,  integrity,  and  fidelity,  combined  with  a 
purity  of  life  and  character  which  confirmed  him  in  the  confidence 
and  esteem  of  his  associates,  and  an  aptitude  and  capacity  the  result 
of  an  extended  commercial  experience.     He  has  lived  to  witness,  as 


10  THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY, 

a  sequel  to  his  honorable  career  as  a  merchant,  and  as  a  part  of 
his  own  appointed  round  of  life  duty  well  fulfilled,  the  successful 
establishment  of  this  Institution,  the  last  enterprise  with  which  his 
name  was  connected,  and  has  passed  away,  leaving  to  his  fellow- 
members  of  this  Board,  and  to  his  friends  and  family,  a  memory 
filled  with  none  but  honorable  and  affectionate  associations." 


The  rapidly  increasing  private  practice  of  Dr.  George  T.  Elliot, 
Jr.,  prevented  his  giving  the  time  and  attention  to  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Company  that  it  seemed  to  demand,  and  at  his 
request.  Dr.  Benjamin  W.  McCready  was  appointed  Associate 
Medical  Examiner,  April  21,  1863..  Dr.  Elliot  died  January  29, 
1 87 1,  and  upon  his  death,  Dr.  McCready  assumed  full  charge  of  the 
Medical  Department. 


At  the  death  of  Mr.  Newbold,  Mr.  Matthew  Mitchell  was 
elected  Vice-President,  retaining  the  position  until  April,  1869,  when 
he  declined  a  re-election  ;  he  remained  in  the  Board  of  Directors, 
however,  until  his  death,  which  occurred  October  21,  1883.  At  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  held  January  15,  1884,  the 
following  remarks  of  the  President,  in  regard  to  the  death  of  Mr. 
Matthew  Mitchell,  were  incorporated  in  the  minutes  :  "  Since  we  last 
met  as  a  Board,  we  have  sustained  a  sad  loss  in  the  death  of  Mr. 
Matthew  Mitchell,  who  died  on  the  21st  of  October  last.  Mr. 
Mitchell  had  been  connected  with  the  company  from  its  very  incep- 
tion, having  been  one  of  the  corporators  and  first  Board  of  Direc- 
tors. He  had  served  the  Company  in  various  capacities,  having 
filled  the  ofifice  of  Secretary  during  my  absence  at  the  war  during 
the  summer  of  1862,  and  the  office  of  Vice-President  during  the 
latter  part  of  Mr.  Newbold's  life,  being  elected  Vice-President  after 


HISTORICAL.  U 

Mr.  Newbold's  death,  but  declining  a  re-election  in  April,  1869.  He 
served  in  the  Executive  and  Auditing  Committees  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  His  intimate  connection  with  the  office  gave  him  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  business  of  Life  Insurance,  so  that  we  were  always 
glad  to  avail  ourselves  of  his  advice.  He  greatly  endeared  himself 
to  all  of  us  by  his  wisdom  and  prudence,  and  by  his  uniform 
courtesy,  kindness  and  consideration  for  others.  His  face  was 
always  welcome  among  us,  and  he  will  be  sadly  missed  by  every 
one  connected  with  the  office." 


At  the  Annual  Meeting  held  April  13th,  1869,  Mr.  William  A. 
Brewer,  Jr.,  was  elected  Vice-President  and  Actuary,  and  Mr. 
William  Haxtun  was  appointed  Secretary. 


In  November,  1877,  Mr.  Cyrus  Curtiss  was  suddenly  prostrated 
by  disease,  and  after  a  lingering  illness  of  nineteen  months,  died 
June  25,  1879. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Board  held  June  30th,  1879,  ^^  ^^' 
lowing  tribute  to  his  memory  was  ordered  to  be  entered  in  the 
minutes  : 

"  It  having  pleased  God  to  remove  from  us  by  death  our  much 
loved  and  valued  President,  it  seems  appropriate  that  we  make 
record  of  some  expression  of  our  deep  sorrow  for  our  loss,  and  of  our 
appreciation  of  the  wisdom  and  devotion  to  the  interests  of  the 
Company,  from  its  foundation,  on  which  its  prosperity  and  stability 
have  so  eminently  depended.  In  seasons  of  much  discouragement 
in  the  early  life  of  the  Company,  his  faith  and  untiring  zeal  never  for 
a  moment  wavered. 

"  The  large  circle  of  his  friends  will  bear  testimony  to  the  many 
virtues  with  which  his  long  and  pure  life  has  been  crowned,  and  will 
mourn  the  loss  of  one  so  greatly  honored  and  loved. 

"  To  us  who  have  been  associated  with  him  in  the  management  of 


12  THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

the  Company  for  a  score  of  years,  and  have  witnessed  his  ceaseless 
labors,  his  departure  comes  with  peculiar  force.  While  in  his  char- 
acter decision  was  so  prominently  marked,  his  kindness  and  courtesy 
to  all  were  equally  conspicuous ;  and  even  to  those  engaged  in  the 
humblest  official  duties,  his  tender  regard  for  their  welfare  was  ever 
manifest." 


June  30,  1879,  M^-  William  A.  Brewer,  Jr.,  was  elected  Presi- 
dent, and  Mr.  William  Haxtun,  Vice-president  and  Secretary. 


Mr.  James  Thomson  was  appointed  Counsel  of  the  Company, 
July  15,  1879.  •  

From  the  time  of  the  election  of  Mr.  Brewer  to  the  Presidency, 
the  duties  of  the  Actuary  had  been  performed  by  Mr.  Israel  C. 
PiERSON,  who  received  the  formal  appointment  to  that  position 
April   I,   1880. 

Mr.  Elisha  S.  French  has  been  connected  with  the  Agency 
Department  of  the  Company  since  1863,  and  was  made  Superintend- 
ent of  Agencies,  April  25,  1868. 


In  December,  1884,  Dr.  John  W.  Brannan  was  employed  to  col- 
late the  mortuary  statistics  of  the  Company  from  its  organization,  and 
the  results  of  his  labors  are  given  in  the  Medical  Report  contained  in 
this  volume. 

April  19,  1887,  Dr.  Brannan  was  appointed  Associate  Medical 
Examiner. 

August  I,  1888,  in  view  of  his  years  and  long  service.  Dr.  Mc- 
Cready  was  relieved  of  the  arduous  duties  of  Medical  Examiner,  and 
was  made  Consulting  Physician  ;  Dr.  Brannan  was  appointed  Medi- 
cal Examiner  of  the  Company  from  the  same  date. 


HISTORICAL.  13 

The  first  office  of  the  Compan/ was  located  at  No.  98  Broadway, 
in  the  city  of  New  York. 

On  the  1 8th  day  of  June,  1868,  the  office  of  the  Company  was 
removed  to  No.  155  Broadway. 

On  the  20th  day  of  April,  1878,  the  office  of  the  Company  was 
removed  to  the  "Coal  and  Iron  Exchange  Building,"  No.  21  Cort- 
landt  street. 


The  first  policy  was  issued  Feb.  2,  i860,  on  the  life  of  Mr.  Fred- 
erick S.  Winston,  President  of  the  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company, 
of  New  York,  and  remained  in  force  until  his  death,  March  27,  1885. 


The  Charter  of  the  Company  provides  that  "the  Company,  within 
sixty  days  next  after  the  expiration  of  five  years  from  the  first  d^y 
of  January,  1861,  and  within  the  first  sixty  days  next  after  the  expi- 
ration of  every  subsequent  period  of  five  years,  shall  cause  a  general 
statement  to  be  made  of  the  affairs  of  the  Company,  which  shall 
exhibit  the  amount  of  the  then  remaining  net  profits  of  the  Company, 
after  allowing  a  sufficient  amount  to  re-insure  all  outstanding  risks, 
and  to  cover  all  other  obligations.  The  whole  amount  of  the  net 
profits,  so  ascertained  as  above  provided,  shall  be  credited  to  the 
account  of  the  policy  holders,  entitled  to  participate  in  the  profits, 
which  shall  be  apportioned  among  them,  and  paid  or  applied  in  such 
manner  and  at  such  times,  as  the  Board  of  Directors  may  deem  equi- 
table, and  from  time  to  time  provide." 

In  accordance  with  the  above  provisions,  a  dividend  was  declared 
as  of  Jan.  i,  1866,  upon  the  "  percentage  plan,"  which  was  then  in  use 
by  all  the  life  companies.  This  dividend  was  a  return  to  policy- 
holders of  forty  per  cent.  (405^)  of  the  Life  premiums  paid  prior  to 
the  above  date. 

A  demand  on  the  part  of  policy-holders  having  arisen  for  more 
frequent  distribution  of  surplus,  the  Board  determined,  Dec.  17,  1867, 
under  advice  of   counsel,  to  adopt  the  system  of  annual  instead  of 


14  THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

quinquennial  dividends.  At  the  same  time  it  adopted  the  "  Contri- 
bution Plan  "  of  ascertaining  and  dividing  surplus  devised  by  Mr. 
Sheppard  Homans,  the  then  Actuary  of  the  Mutual  Life  Insurance 
Company,  of  New  York,  assisted  by  Mr.  David  Parks  Fackler. 

The  Charter  of  the  Company  also  provides  that,  in  case  of  the 
forfeiture  of  a  policy  from  any  cause,  "  such  forfeiture  shall  not  affect 
the  right  of  the  holder  of  such  policy  to  any  profit  that  may  have  been 
previously  credited  to  such  holder." 

Under  this  Charter  provision,  the  Company  will  either  pay  in 
cash  at  the  time  of  the  lapsing  of  a  policy  the  dividends  already 
credited  to  it,  or  will  hold  the  policy  good  for  as  long  a  period  as  the 
dividends  standing  at  the  credit  of  the  policy  would  pay  the  pre- 
mium at  the  rate  named  in  the  policy. 


The  following  statistical  tables  show  the  growth  of  the  Company 
from  its  organization  to  the  present  time,  it  having  commenced  busi- 
ness Feb.  2,  i860,  with  a  paid  up  cash  capital  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars  ($125,000). 


HISTORICAL. 


15 


POLICIES 

Number. 

ISSUED. 
Amount. 

Paid  to  Policy-holders  for  Claims 
by  Death,   Matured   Endow- 
ments,    Dividends,     Surren- 
dered Policies,  etc. 

i860 

328 

$1,093,600 

I86I 

225 

643,000 

$5,000   00 

1862 

362 

860,300 

6,986    62 

1863 

512 

1,387,250 

10,588    67 

1864 

919 

2,330.300 

34.403    36 

1865 

1,106 

3.718,950 

45,392    41 

1866 

1,838 

4.410,825 

77.585    05 

1867 

3.055 

6,860,460 

132,764    84 

1868 

5,080 

10,804,570 

137.146    31 

1869 

6,671 

13,251,015 

457,780    78 

1870 

3.435 

7.173.575 

429,627    94 

I87I 

2,56o 

5,193,278 

431,866    2  1 

1872 

2,368 

5.607,774 

437,920    30 

1873 

2,273 

5,827,269 

543.973    20 

1874 

1,786 

3,936,740 

562,711     19 

1875 

1,795 

3.712,225 

609,079    72 

1876 

1.433 

2,866,235 

590,586    14 

1877 

1,408 

2,615,870 

862,815    02 

1878 

1.255 

2,270,000 

857.605    65 

1879 

1.432 

3,164,290 

974.506  75 

1880 

2,007 

4,446,072 

931,465  54 

I88I 

2,076 

5.072,179 

875,103  84 

1882 

2,825 

6,891,831 

1,064,263  74 

1883 

2,644 

6,389,470 

973.053  87 

1884 

2,917 

6,898,500 

1,149,640  80 

1885 

2,408 

5.318,665 

993,441  93 

1886 

3,266 

7.695.163 

.   1,111,383  24 

1887 

3.627 

8.288,276 

1,088,600  48 

i6 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 


INCOME. 

Premiums. 

Interest,  Etc. 

Total. 

i860 

$23-392  13 

$4,906  47 

$28,298  60 

I86I 

•  37,85o  67 

7,693  22 

45,543  89 

1862 

58,i52  42 

13-341  5i  . 

71,493  93 

1863 

84,885  27 

16,570  88 

101,456  i5 

1864 

i57,75o  03 

29,968  04 

187,718  07 

1865 

234773  31 

25,873  62 

260,646  93 

1866 

320,584  92 

38,943  71 

359,528  63 

1867 

457,132  80 

45,690  30 

502,823  10 

1868 

694,865  23 

63,350  58 

758,2i5  81 

1869 

1,127,101  57 

81,892  33 

1,208,993  90 

1870 

1,078,243  95 

104,945  74 

1,183,189  69 

I87I 

992,626  65 

138,209  37 

1,130,836  02 

1872 

1,032,413  14 

168,228  59 

1,200,641  73 

1873 

1,042,926  75 

214,083  28 

1,257,010  03 

1874 

1,007,129  65 

239,410  ^^ 

1,246,540  42 

1875 

972,449  80 

271,153  60 

1,243,603  40 

1876 

854,811  93 

281,027  94 

1,135,839  87 

1877 

983,839  16 

296,439  II 

1,280,278  27 

1878 

955,261  14 

290,060  49 

1,245,321  63 

1879 

965,382  75 

299-535  63 

1,264,918  38 

1880 

1,016,002  66 

325,490  17 

1,341,492  83 

I88I 

1,119,031  03 

318,386  30 

1-437,417  ZZ 

1882 

1,278,000  56 

351,969  17 

1,629,969  73 

1883 

1,347,955  29 

446,998  07 

1-794,953  36 

1884 

1-434-332  34 

341,001  45 

1-775,333  79 

1885 

1,392,483  18 

453,974  38 

1,846,457  56 

1886 

1,508,698  70 

407,117  81 

1, 9x5, 816  5i 

1887 

1,654,211  21 

420,820  28 

2,075,031  49 



HISTORICAL  STATISTICS. 


17 


nEATWc: 

Amount  of 

Amount  at 

XJM2j£^ 

loss  incurred 

No.  of  Policies 

risk  at  the  end  of 

Lives. 

Policies. 

and  Paid. 

in  force. 

each  year. 

i860 

3i5 

$1,040,100 

I86I 

I 

I 

$5,000 

438 

I,3ll,25o 

1862 

2 

2 

6,000 

683 

i,9io,55o 

1863 

7 

7 

20,000 

i,o58 

2,945,800 

1864 

14 

H 

49,25o 

1.748 

4,661,600 

1865 

17 

20 

44,5oo 

2,55o 

6,920,000 

1866 

21 

23 

56,306 

3.757 

10,017,092 

1867 

39 

42 

133.009 

5,708 

14.099,859 

1868 

40 

43 

91,604 

8,885 

20,650,136 

1869 

67 

70 

170,169 

12,144 

27,385,750 

1870 

88 

93 

265,212 

11,238 

25,951,117     . 

I87I 

107 

ii5 

311,612 

10,634 

24,888,781 

1872 

104 

1 10 

285,5i8 

10,967 

25,950,890 

1873 

io5 

116 

312,905 

11.398 

26,812,062 

1874 

97 

103 

293481 

11,163 

25,048,166 

1875 

lOI 

113 

323.787 

11,141 

25,429,535 

1876 

89 

98 

273,770 

10,899 

24,346,506 

1877 

100 

113 

304,401 

10,229 

22,327,864 

1878 

100 

III 

258,569 

9.947 

21,215,796 

1879 

100 

120 

329,345 

10,139 

21,447,274 

1880 

102 

no 

304,022 

11,076 

23,451,270 

I88I 

133 

146 

373,316 

11,960 

25,928, 1 5o 

1882 

128 

148 

390,274 

13.395 

29,374,019 

1883 

144 

i58 

356,289 

14,425 

31,994,723 

1884 

160 

173 

433.170 

1 5,043 

33.334.672 

1885 

i57 

177 

394.312 

i5,385 

33,956,324 

1886 

168 

202 

517,036 

i6,5q4 

36,574,831 

1887 

177 

199 

483.036 

17,761 

39,506,527 

i8  THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 


Liabilities. 

Surplus. 

ASSETS. 

N.  Y.  Standard. 

As  to  Policy-holders. 

Dec.  31, 

i860 

$141,279  SZ 

$131,173 

34 

$10,106   24 

186I 

i56,299  85 

125,188 

33 

31,111    52 

1862 

2CX),722    55 

184,107 

08 

1 6,6 1 5  47 

1863 

267,462  79 

224,991 

98 

42,470  81 

1864 

369,567  5 1 

312,867 

5o 

56,700  01 

1865 

530,097  36 

434,347 

5o 

95,749  86 

1866 

709,129  99 

648,159 

44 

60,970  55 

1867 

1,017,643  02 

889,185 

72 

128,457  30 

1868 

i,5o3,i52  34 

1,221,362 

38 

281,789  96 

1869 

2,009,717  83 

1,878,919 

97 

130,797  86 

1870 

2,477,348  41 

2,249,189 

58 

228,i58  83 

187I 

2,869,837  31 

2,290,701 

40 

579,135  91 

1872 

3,411,203  27 

2,984,466 

74 

426,736  53 

1873 

3,886,452  90 

3,383,301 

02 

503, 1 5i  88 

1874 

4,379,424  66 

3,714,054 

61 

665,370  o5 

1875 

4,812,709  72 

4,068,884 

34 

743,825  38 

1876 

5,173,278  83 

4,386,685 

83 

786,593  00 

1877 

5,353,250  53 

4,440, 1 1 2 

20 

913,138  33 

1878 

5,487,809   14 

4,556,813 

74 

930,995  40 

1879 

5,591,888  99 

4,662,575  54 

929,313  45 

1880 

5,815,980  72 

4,880,929 

66 

935,05 1  06 

188I 

6,191,887  36 

5,316,083 

27 

875,804  09 

1882 

6,534,465   1 5 

5,621,631 

98 

912,833   17 

1883 

6,978,606  57 

6,110,392 

67 

868,213  90 

1884 

7,273,649  85 

6,474,141 

61 

799,5o8  24 

1885 

7,771,774  86 

6,824,552 

58 

947,222  28 

1886 

8,231,129  71 

7,288,322 

97 

942,806  74 

1887 

8,807,478  83 

8,304,605 

19 

*5o2,873  64 

•Act.  4^. — By  the  old  Standard  the  surplus  would  have  been  $1,003,167  64. 


ACTUARIAL 


ACTUARIAL. 


For  the  work  of  ascertaining  the  experience  of  the  Washington 
Life  Insurance  Company  during  a  given  period,  it  was  necessary,  at 
the  outset,  to  adopt  certain  principles  and  methods.  These  were 
determined  by  the  questions  : 

Shall  the  observations  be  made  by  policy  or  calendar  years  ? 

Shall  the  amounts  of  insurance,  or  the  number  of  lives  (or 
policies)  be  the  basis  ? 

If  lives  or  policies  are  to  be  taken  account  of  at  all,  shall  it  be 
lives,  or  policies  ? 

The  considerations  which  follow  led  to  the  conclusion  that  policy 
years  and  amounts  of  policies  would  be  the  most  reliable  and  useful 
data  on  which  to  base  the  operations. 

While  in  medical  observations  it  may  be  of  interest  or  value  to 
note  diseases,  and  their  ratios,  which  proved  fatal  in  each  or  any  one 
calendar  year,  it  is  of  no  consequence,  mathematically,  whether  a 
death  occurred  in  1884,  under  a  policy  issued  in  1870,  or  in  1878 
under  a  policy  issued  in  1864,  assuming  that  equal  care  was  exercised 
in  the  medical  examinations  at  the  inception  of  the  risks.  Nor  does 
it  signify  anything  that  the  death  occurred  in  March  rather  than  in 
November. 

The  information  sought  is  the  amount  and  duration  of  insurance, 
in  reference  to  age  at  entry  and  age  at  death,  if  it  has  occurred 
within  the  period  under  observation,  and  the  mortality  rate  at  each 
age  of  life  and  in  each  policy  year  of  membership. 

The  use  of  calendar  years  necessitates  taking  December  31st  as 
the  point  for  observation  and  assuming  June  30th  as  the  average 
date  of  issue.  The  data  of  the  first  full  policy  year  must  be  made  up 
by  adding  to  the  six  months  of  the  first  calendar  year  one  half  the 
data  of  the  second  calendar  year ;  the  data  of  the  second  full  policy 


22  THE   WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

year  by  adding  to  one  half  the  data  of  the  second  calendar  year 
one  half  those  of  the  third  calendar  year,  and  so  on. 

This  result  does  not  seem  to  be  accurate,  especially  if  the  new 
business  fluctuates  either  for  the  entire  year  or  for  the  first  or  second 
six  months  of  the  year. 

Moreover,  the  decimal  of  a  year,  for  the  first  and  last  calendar 
years  of  observation,  is  avoided  by  the  use  of  policy  years. 

The  anniversaries  of  policies  in  a  given  year  (dates  to  which  the 
annual  premiums  paid  would  carry  them)  are  as  convenient  for  an 
observation  point  as  December  31st  of  that  year.  The  deaths  before 
the  several  anniversaries  can  be  easily  ascertained.  Policies  being 
grouped  as  to  age  at  issue  and  years  of  insurance,  the  full  amount 
exposed  to  risk  and  the  actual  and  probable  mortality  for  each  age 
can  be  obtained  at  once,  while  the  persistence  of  policies,  benefit  of 
medical  selection  and  other  questions  can  be  readily  considered. 
The  age  being  taken  as  at  the  nearest  birthday,  approximately  all 
policies  are  issued  on  the  birthday  for  the  age  attained.  The 
experience  of  the  Connecticut  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  is 
made  on  policy  years.  Two  other  companies  somewhat  older  than 
this  company,  although  their  experience  has  not  been  published,  have 
pursued  the  plan  of  policy  years  and  amounts  of  insurance.  Mr. 
Woolhouse,  the  Vice-President  of  the  Institute  of  Actuaries,  in 
speaking  of  the  work  of  the  "  new  actuaries  "  committee  says  : 

"  The  data  thus  prepared,  on  which  the  calculation  of  the  required 
table  of  mortality  is  to  be  founded,  embody  a  complete  analysis  and 
classification  of  a  mass  of  observations  which  extends  over  a  given 
number  of  years.  To  proceed  with  the  calculation  of  the  rates  of 
mortality,  the  principal  requirement  will  be  to  ascertain  how  many 
lives  during  that  period  have  entered  and  passed  through  each  year 
of  age,  so  as  to  be  enabled  to  compare  the  same  with  the  number  of 
deaths  that  have  respectively  occurred  in  the  same  years.  It  will 
also  appear  that  these  estimates  will  not  be  affected  by  any  chrono- 
logical considerations,  since  a  question  as  to  when  any  specified  life 
or  lives  entered  the  year  of  age  is  quite  immaterial  and  forms  no  part 
of  the    inquiry.     We  only  require  to  know  how  many   lives  have 


ACTUARIAL.  23 

passed  through  a  proposed  year  of  age  at  all  the  various  times 
during  the  period  of  observation,  but  without  any  reference  to  those 
times." 

What  is  the  financial  risk  ?  what  is  the  actual  loss  ?  being  the 
practical  questions,  the  amounts  of  policies  are  used  as  the  basis  for 
observation.  These  give  results  most  nearly  in  accord  with  facts  and 
probability. 

Were  policies  issued  for  uniform  amounts,  lives  or  policies  might 
be  the  better  data,  but  not  only  is  there  a  difference  in  the  amounts 
of  policies  issued  at  the  same  age  of  entry,  there  is  also  a  disparity 
in  the  amounts  of  policies  issued  at  the  several  ages,  larger  amounts 
of  insurance  being  taken  on  single  lives  at  the  older  ages  than  at  the 
younger  ones.  The  premium  receipts,  disbursements,  assets,  reserve 
and  surplus  are  in  dollars  and  cents.  On  this  same  basis  neither 
lives  nor  policies,  assumed  to  be  of  uniform  amounts,  will  exhibit  the 
true  experience  of  the  past,  which  is  to  be  a  guide  for  the  future. 
Where  observations  have  been  made,  the  percentage  of  mortality  is 
greater  on  amounts  of  policies  than  on  lives  or  policies,  as  illustrated 
by  the  following  table. 

PERCENTAGE  OF  MORTALITY. 


Name  of  table.  By  Lives.         By  Amounts. 

30  Offices  .......      1.03  1. 10 

Connecticut  Mutual        .         ,         ,         .           1.12  1.16 

Mutual        .         .         .         .         ,         ,         .1.18  1.24 

Mutual  Benefit       ......          1.12  1.29 

Provident  Life  and  Trust 78  .81 

John  Hancock        .....            .92  i.io 

By  Policies. 
Massachusetts  Report,  average  of  all 

companies             .         .         .         .         .     1.29  1.38 


The  importance  of  using  amounts  of  policies  as  a  basis  of 
investigation  is  shown  by  the  tables  of  the  Mutual  Benefit  Expe- 
rience.    -One  table  of  that  experience  gives  the  ratio  of  "  Probable 


24  THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

Loss  (American  Experience)  by  amounts  "  as  io5  per  cent,  of  the 
ratio  of  "probable  deaths  by  lives."  Another  exhibits,  all  the  way 
through  the  table,  the  mortality  rate  g  larger  on  amounts  than 
on  lives. 

The  amounts  afford  facility  for  making  calculations  to  decimal 
places  and  yet  retain  the  **  dollars  "  figures. 

The  female  risks,  comparatively  small  in  number,  are  included  in 
these  observations,  but,  for  obvious  reasons,  the  annuities  and  the  few 
children's  endowments,  which  the  company  has  issued,  are  omitted 
from  consideration. 

In  some  cases  there  are  several  policies  on  the  same  life,  but,  a 
new  examination  having  been  made  for  each  new  policy,  it  was 
regarded  as  a  fresh  risk. 

A  paid-up,  or  a  new  policy  written  in  lieu  of  a  previous  policy 
was  considered  as  the  same  risk,  continued  under  another  number 
although  for  a  reduced  amount.  This  plan  avoided  any  disturbance 
of  "  selection,"  to  investigate  which  question  accurately  required  the 
use  of  each  policy  amount  and  policy  year  rather  than  the  life  and 
calendar  year.  It  was  assumed  that  policies  terminated  by  death 
were  in  force  to  the  end  of  the  policy  year  in  which  the  death 
occurred,  the  premiums  having  been  paid  for  that  period. 

Having  determined  to  make  observations  by  policy  years  instead 
of  calendar  years,  and  by  amounts  rather  than  lives,  or  policies,  the 
work  proceeded. 

All  the  data  of  policies  at  their  issue  were  written  numerically  in 
the  Experience  Record,  from  the  original  applications.  After  these 
entries  were  completed,  for  policies  issued  within  the  period,  entries 
were  made,  in  appropriate  columns,  for  all  changes  and  terminations, 
in  chronological  order,  from  the  Blotters,  sufficient  time  having  passed 
to  be  reasonably  sure  of  securing  all  the  data  in  these  respects. 

The  Experience  Record  then  contained  the  requisite  history  of 
each  policy. 

The  system  of  cards  now  generally  adopted  and  approved  was 
used.  On  these  cards  were  written,  from  the  original  applications 
also,  the  data  in  detail  as  they  stood  at  the  entry  of  the  risks. 


ACTUARIAL.  25 

From  the  Experience  Record  were  entered  on  the  cards  the  dates 
and  modes  of  termination,  reduction,  or  change,  and  changes  in  the 
amounts,  so  that  every  poHcy  was  historically  represented  by  a 
card. 

The  cards  or  policies  terminated  by  death  were  separated,  classi- 
fied by  age  at  issue,  and  then  subdivided  by  ages  at  death,  by  which 
means  the  results  shown  in  Table  I.  were  obtained.  All  the  cards 
representing  policies  on  which  there  had  been  any  risk,  or  on  which 
any  premium  had  been  paid,  were  first  classified  as  to  age  at  issue, 
and  then  subdivided  as  to  year  of  issue,  in  chronological  order.  The 
data  in  detail  were  then  transferred  to  sheets  so  arranged  that  the 
amounts  exposed  to  risk,  for  each  year  of  age  and  for  each  year  of 
membership,  would  appear  in  groups. 

If  a  policy  terminated  within  the  year,  for  any  reason  (except  by 
death)  it  was  considered  as  exposed  to  risk  for  the  entire  year,  but 
for  the  fraction  of  the  amount  corresponding  with  the  fraction  of  the 
year  during  which  the  policy  had  existed. 

Some  of  the  issues  of  i860  are  still  in  force.  Those  amounts 
appear  in  every  year  of  membership  ,to  the  twenty-fifth  inclusive. 
The  issues  of  1 861,  if  in  force,  have  been  exposed  for  twenty-four 
years,  and  so  on — there  being  not  more  than  one  year's  exposure  on 
the  issues  of  1884. 

The  policies  and  amounts  were  then  aggregated  by  ages  at  issue, 
and  for  each  year  of  membership.     The  results  are  shown  in   Table 

I.  On  the  vertical  margin  is  the  age  at  entry.  The  number  on  the 
top  margin  is  the  age  entered  upon  and  indicates  the  age  which 
was  lived  through  by  policies  entered  at  the  age  represented  by  the 
vertical  number. 

For  the  first  year  of  a  policy  the  age  on  the  vertical  column  and 
on  the  top  margin  are  identical.  Beginning  at  the  left  and  youngest 
age  and  reading  diagonally  downward,  the  amount  exposed  for  each 
first  year  of  age  is  ascertained. 

The  totals  of  these  columns  give  at  once  the  amount  exposed  to 
risk  and  the  amount  of  deaths  in  each  year  of  age  as  shown  in  Table 

II.  (See  Diagram  A.)     For  convenience  this  table  exhibits  the  prob- 


26  THE   WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

able  mortality  by  the  American,  Actuaries',  Thirty  Offices,  and  H°*. 
tables.  In  Table  III.,  some  of  the  irregularities  shown  by  ratios  of 
Table  II.  disappear  in  the  groupings  by  5,  10,  15,  etc.,  years  of  ages. 
(See  Diagram  B.)  The  groups  which  include  41-45  and  61-70  show 
the  maximum,  and  groups  which  include  21-30  and  71-84  the 
minimum  mortality  in  comparison  with  American  and  Actuaries* 
tables. 

Table  IV.  exhibits  the  experience  by  years  of  membership, 
amounts  exposed  to  risk,  amounts  of  death,  probable  mortality  by 
American  and  Actuaries'  tables,  ratio  of  actual  and  probable,  and 
ratio  of  deaths  to  amount  exposed.  (See  Diagrams  C.  and  D.) 
These  data  are  also  given  in  groups  of  5  years.  The  benefit  of  selec- 
tion is  here  apparent,  although  it  does  not  continue  beyond  the  third 
year,  notwithstanding  the  first  quinquennium  gives  a  lower  ratio 
than  the  subsequent  three. 

The  fifth  group  may  be  too  small  in  amount  to  make  a  fair 
showing,  but,  if  it  is  of  any  value,  it  indicates  that  the  early  policy- 
holders of  the  company  were  good  subjects  for  life  insurance, 
having  great  vitality,  and  are  persistent  as  to  living. 

The  column  "  Ratio  of  Deaths  to  Amount  Exposed,"  illustrates 
that  the  "  Ratio  "  may  advance  and  the  relative  amount  of  mortality 
increase  with  increase  of  age,  while  the  actual  mortality  is  less  than 
the  probable  mortality  by  the  tables  on  which  premiums  and  reserves 
are  based.  In  the  first  four  quinquennial  periods,  the  ratio  of  actual 
to  probable  mortality  increases  from  '^^  to  114  percent.,  while  the 
ratio  of  deaths  to  amount  exposed  increases  from  90  to  230  per  cent. 
There  is  a  greater  disparity  in  the  last  quinquennial  period.  Had 
assessments  been  made,  on  policy-holders,  with  which  to  pay  death 
claims  as  the  deaths  occurred,  the  number  of  assessments  would 
have  increased  almost  threefold  in  twenty  years. 

The  largest  total  amounts  issued  were  at  ages  30  and  33. 

The  amount  named  as  exposed  to  risk,  in  the  first  and  subsequent 
years  of  membership,  is  not  the  actual  amount  issued  or  entering 
upon  the  year,  for  sometimes  the  premium  was  paid  only  for  a 
fraction  of  the  year  entered  upon. 


ACTUARIAL.  2/ 

In  Table  V.  the  benefit  of  medical  selection  is  shown  by  a 
succession  of  groupings,  by  quinquennial  periods  of  membership 
and  groups  of  ages,  then  by  periods  and  ages  of  5  years  longer 
and  larger  than  each  preceding  one.  In  almost  every  group  the 
ratio  of  actual  mortality  to  probable  is  the  lowest  in  the  first 
quinquennium  of  membership.  One  exception  is  in  the  group  of 
ages  11-15,  where  the  amount  exposed  is  too  small  and  the  age  too 
young  to  give  a  good  average.  Other  exceptions  are  in  groups  of 
ages  61-65,  66-71,  56-71,  and  61-71.  In  these  cases  the  ratio,  of 
actual  mortality  to  probable,  decreases  with  the  increase  of  years  of 
membership.  It  is  in  the  group  66-71,  where  occurs  the  heaviest 
ratio  of  actual  to  probable  mortality,  as  well  as  the  heaviest  ratios 
of  deaths  to  amount  exposed. 

The  actual  mortality,  although  in  the  early  years  of  membership, 
as  a  rule,  lower  than  the  probable  mortality,  yet  with  much 
irregularity  runs  near  the  probable  in  other  years,  sometimes  above, 
sometimes  below.  It  does  not  seem  of  value  to  construct  a 
graduated  table  of  mortality  for  the  early  years  of  membership  and 
one  for  the  later  experience  in  addition  to  the  one  which  includes  the 
entire  experience  of  the  company.  From  column  ^  of  Table  II.  the 
unadjusted  mortality  experience  as  shown  in  Table  VI.  was  readily 
deduced.  Although  the  earliest  age  of  insurance  was  11,  and  the 
first  death  did  not  occur  until  age  18,  yet  in  order  to  make  a  table 
symmetrical  with  others  a  radix  of  100,000  at  age  10  was  assumed. 
Inasmuch  as  they  would  not  enter  into  any  calculations,  the  numbers 
dying  from  age  10  to  17  inclusive  were  taken  from  another  standard 
table  in  pursuance  of  the  example  of  reliable  authorities. 

Out  of  many  experimental  tables  constructed  from  Table  \.  by 
the  Makeham  and  other  formulae  for  graduation  and  interpolation, 
not  including  ages  under  18  or  over  81,  Table  VII.  was  selected  as 
representing  in  figures,  most  faithfully  the  curve  of  the  mortality 
experience  of  this  company.     (See  Diagram  E.) 

The  sum  of  the  products  of  the  amounts  exposed  to  risk,  as 
shown  in  Table  II.,  by  -j^  of  Table  VII.  is  practically  the  same  as 
the  total  actual  mortality. 


28  THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

Table  VIII.  gives  the  ratio  of  this  graduated  mortality  to  the 
mortality  of  other  tables.     (See  Diagram  F.) 

Table  IX.  gives  the  net  premiums  on  several  kinds  of  policies 
by  the  American  and  Actuaries'  tables  compared  with  the  net 
premiums  on  the  respective  policies  if  they  were  based  on  the 
graduated  mortality  experience  (Table  VII.). 


LIFE  AND  ENDOWMENT  POLICIES.— REVERSIONARY  DIVIDEND 

ADDITIONS. 

It  was  not  contemplated  at  the  outset  to  make  observations  as  to 
the  experience  of  the  company  on  the  several  kinds  of  policies.  A 
section  of  the  company's  experience,  however,  has  been  considered 
which  develops  some  interesting  and  important  ratios,  as  to  Life 
and  Endowment  policies,  and  Reversions  comparatively. 

Table.  X.  exhibits  the  amount  exposed  to  risk  under  all  classes 
of  Life  policies,  all  classes  of  Endowment  policies,  total  Life  and 
Endowment  policies,  Reversionary  dividend  additions  to  all  classes 
of  Life  policies,  all  classes  of  Endowment  policies,  total  Reversionary 
dividend  additions  and  total  policies  and  additions. 

It  is  patent  that  these  additions  are  the  same  as  single  premium 
paid-up  insurance.  The  system  of  keeping  the  records  made  it 
necessary  to  take  this  section  from  the  later  data.  The  popularity  of 
Endowment  policies  being  of  more  recent  date  than  that  of  Life 
policies,  the  latter  are  more  numerous  and  more  advanced  as  to 
age. 

This  table  therefore  is  not  reliable  for  actual  comparison  in  every 
respect  but  it  suggests  the  advisability  of  closer  investigation. 

The  mortality  percentage  of  amount  exposed  to  risk,  for  Life 
policies,   is   1.577  ^^^^  ^^^  Endowment  policies,  is  .734. 

While  for  the  reason  stated  the  latter  ratio  is  so  small  as  47  per 
cent,  of  the  former,  yet  the  ratio  of  actual  to  probable  mortality 
for  Endowment  policies  is  almost  71  per  cent,  of  the  same  ratio 
for  Life  policies. 

The  experience  on  Reversionary  dividend  additions  is  somewhat 


ACTUARIAL.  29 

curious.  Inasmuch  as  the  amounts  individually  are  small,  relatively 
to  the  policies,  and  change  frequently  by  being  used  to  pay 
premiums,  there  is  a  manifest  difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  exact 
amount  exposed  to  risk  at  each  age  and  for  each  year  of  member- 
ship ;  but  the  classification  having  been  made  with  care,  the  results 
are  sufficiently  accurate  to  exhibit  the  experience  of  the  company 
for  the  period  indicated. 

The  mortality  percentage  of  amount  exposed  under  Life  reversion 
is  2.313  or  147  per  cent,  of  the  mortality  on  Life  policies,  317  per 
cent,  of  the  mortality  on  Endowment  policies  and  275  per  cent,  of 
the  mortality  on  Endowment  reversion. 

The  mortality  percentage  on  all  policies  is  1.297,  on  all  Rever- 
sionary additions  2.052,  the  latter  being  158  per  cent,  of  the  former, 
whereas  the  ratio  of  actual  to  probable  mortality,  American  experi- 
ence, is  for  all  policies,  .864,  for  all  reversion,  .977,  the  latter 
being  1 1 3  per  cent,  of  the  former. 

These  comparisons,  mortality  on  Life  policies  with  mortality  on 
Endowment  policies,  and  mortality  on  Reversionary  dividend 
additions  with  mortality  on  policies,  confirm  what  has  been  observed 
by  the  Connecticut  Mutual  and  Mr.  Meech  in  the  Thirty  Offices 
experience.  They  excite  the  question, — Is  not  the  selection  made  by 
the  applicant  an  important  element  in  the  considerations  which  are  to 
determine  the  acceptance  or  rejection  of  a  risk.  Does  the  applicant 
know  himself  physically  and  morally,  better  than  any  one  else  can  ? 
If  there  is  even  a  slight  doubt  as  to  his  surviving  for  many  years, 
will  he  not  seek  and  secure,  if  possible,  the  largest  amount  of 
insurance  for  the  smallest  amount  of  premium,  throwing  upon  the 
medical  examiner  the  responsibility  of  detecting  physical  defects 
which  may  be  only  the  figments  of  his  own  imagination  ? 

And  the  ethics  of  the  case — are  they  within  the  province  of 
the  medical  examiner?  Is  the  applicant  to  concern  himself  in  that 
direction  ? 

If  the  applicant  believes  that  he  is  as  "sound  as  a  dollar,"  and 
knows  that  his  habits  are  "  correct  and  temperate,"  will  he  not  seek 
a  policy  which  will  give  insurance,  for  a  given  period,  to  cover  a 


30  THE   WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

business  contingency,  to  protect  his  wife,  to  provide  for  the  care 
and  education  of  his  children,  and  also  yield  the  amount  to  him  if 
living  at  the  end  of  the  period  ?  Will  he  not  take  an  endowment 
policy  ? 

These  remarks  do  not  apply  of  course,  to  the  comparatively  few 
cases  in  which  a  company  would  take  a  risk  on  a  high  rather  than  on 
a  low  premium. 

As  to  Reversionary  dividend  additions,  the  details  of  the  work 
show  that  on  the  younger  ages  the  current  cash  dividend  is  most 
frequently  used  each  year,  thus  canceling  the  reversion  amount. 
The  average  amount  of  reversion  per$i,cx)0  of  insurance  increases 
with  the  advance  of  age.  There  may  be  two  explanations  of  this  ; 
one,  that  as  the  policy-holder  progresses  in  business,  being  better 
able,  he  pays  the  full  premium  and  lets  the  dividend  remain  at  his 
credit ;  the  other,  that  there  comes  a  time  when  the  policy-holder 
fears  that  he  cannot  pass  a  medical  examination.  Anxious  to  have 
more  insurance,  he  purposely  takes  the  option  of  reversionary 
dividends  to  augment  the  amount  of  his  policy.  In  fact,  as  a  risk, 
he  is  depreciating  while  his  insurance  is  appreciating. 

The  actual  mortality  on  Life  reversion  is  more  than  the  probable 
by  the  American  table.  The  mortality  percentage  on  Endowment 
reversion  is  a  little  more  than  on  policies,  while  the  ratio  of  actual 
to  probable  mortality  is  smaller  on  Endowment  reversion  than  on 
Endowment  policies. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  several  life  insurance  companies,  which 
have  the  system  of  reversionary  dividends,  an  opportunity  is  afforded 
to  make  a  comparison  of  Mortality  Experience  on  amounts  exposed 
to  risk  in  that  way. 

It  must  be  prefaced  that  the  percentages  given  do  not  indicate  at 
all  the  ratio  of  actual  loss  to  the  probable  loss  by  any  given  table  of 
mortality.  Without  doubt,  for  the  most  part,  the  ratio  would  be 
below  par  of  the  American,  or  Actuaries'  table,  although  the  larger 
amount  at  risk,  and  at  older  ages,  would  make  the  mortality 
percentage  on  the  amount  at  risk  larger — see  Tables  II.,  III.  and 
IV.,  for  increase  of  mortality  per  cent— while  the  ratio  of  actual  to 


ACTUARIAL. 


31 


probable  mortality  has  not  increased.  The  experience  is  given  for 
the  years  1885,  '6  &  '7,  and  shows  at  risk  in  all  the  companies  a  mean 
annual  amount  of  over  one  billion  dollars  in  policies  and  thirty-six 
million  dollars  in  reversion.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  ratio 
of  amounts  terminated  by  deaths,  to  amounts  exposed. 


Policies. 

Reversionary 

Policies  and 

Dividends. 

Reversion. 

In  all  the  companies 

1-295 

2.900 

1.350 

The  lowest  ratio  is 

I-I43 

2.090 

1. 156 

The  highest  ratio  is 

1445 

3.128 

1.562 

A  section  of  Washington  Life 

Experience 

1.297 

2.052 

I.319 

Doubtless  an  experience  similar  to  that  of  this  company  has  been 
observed  in  the  other  companies  which  allow  the  option  of 
Reversionary  dividends, — that  the  ratio  of  actual  to  probable  loss  is 
greater  on  Reversion  than  on   Policies. 


TABLE   I. 

EXPOSURES  TO   RISK  AND   DEATHS  AT  EACH  AGE, 

BY   AMOUNTS. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

II                                              12 

13 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

II 

700 

12 
13 

1,500 

1,500 
5,450 

$700 

$1,500 

$6,950 

AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

14                                              15 

16 

12 

1,500 

1,500 

1,500 

13 
14 

15 
16 

1,500 
6,375 

5,000 
28,500 

4,100 
27,500 
33,000 

$9,375 

$35,000 

$66,100 

AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

I 

7                              18 

19 

12 

1,500 

1,500 

1,500 

14 

15 
16 

2,250 

25,135 
26,250 

2,250 
19,085 
18,250 

2,250 
19,085 
12,850 

17 

18 

19 

71,575 

51,000 
149,375 

1,000 

39,961 
111,500 
224,000 

1,000 
1,000 
3,000 

$126,710 

$241460 

$1,000 

$411,146 

$5,000 

32 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


20 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

21 


22 


Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

12 

1,500 

1,500 

14 

2,250 

2,250 

2,250 

'5 

16,585 

11,085 

9,085 

i6 

11,684 

9,050 

8,550 

17 

29,935 

24,195 

22,445 

1,000 

i8 

77,819 

1,000 

60,265 

39,315 

19 

154,750 

1,000 

117,880 

86,729 

20 

447,075 

310,650 

2,000 

235,899 

21 

869,938 

2,000 

573,875 

22 

1,088,750 

5,000 

$741,598 

$3,500 

$1,405,313 

$4,000 

$2,066,898 

$6,000 

23 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 
24 


25 


14 

1,250 

1,250 

1,250 

15 

9,085 

9,085 

6,500 

16 

7,250 

7,250 

7,250 

17 

20,995 

20,750 

19,515 

18 

28,415 

26,915 

20,915 

19 

65,864 

2,000 

44,870 

34,520 

20 

205,215 

185,100 

158,855 

2,000 

21 

432,606 

4,000 

316,059 

3,000 

243,641 

22 

708,100 

13,000 

513,989 

1, 000 

387,348 

4,000 

23 

1,635,020 

9,000 

1,115,200 

6,000 

822,408 

3,500 

24 

1,945,600 

14,000 

1,300,225 

5,000 

25 

2,567,187 

10,500 

$3,113,800 

$28,000 

$4,186,068 

$24,000 

$5,569,614 

$25,000 

AGE   AT   EXPOSURE. 
26  27 


28 


14 

1,250 

1,250 

1,150 

15 

6,500 

6,500 

6,500 

16 

7,250 

7,250 

6,850 

17 

9,545 

8,845 

6,845 

18 

19,015 

17,415 

14,615 

19 

29,620 

26,920 

24,330 

20 

137,470 

2,500 

125,575 

2,500 

114,530 

5,000 

21 

191,976 

170,380 

160,480 

1,000 

22 

311,553 

1,600 

253,350 

1,000 

222,013 

3,000 

23 

605,237 

5,500 

502,644 

9,200 

423,406 

4,000 

24 

999,177 

5,500 

789,309 

7,500 

633,969 

25 

1,747,075 

12,500 

1,327,945 

2,000 

1,022,334 

7,000 

26 

2,858,600 

16,000 

1,977,775 

25,750 

1,517,186 

13,000 

27 

2,815,102 

8,877 

1,968,865 

6,000 

28 

3,027,949 

13,000 

$6,924,268 

$43,600 

$8,030,260 

$56,827 

$9,151,022 

$52,000 

33 


TABLE    I . — Continued. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

29 

30 

31 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

14 

250 

250 

150 

15 

6,500 

1,500 

1,500 

16 

6,850 

6,850 

4,000 

■ 

17 

6,845 

6,845 

5,845 

18 

12,265 

12,265 

9,115 

19 

21,490 

20,490 

19,990 

20 

100,370 

90,420 

85,520 

750 

21 

147,298 

1,000 

121,980 

7,000 

99,587 

500 

22 

203,745 

186,501 

169,583 

23 

359,620 

2,000 

335,468 

750 

309,788 

2,000 

24 

548,174 

2,000 

501,888 

7,000 

451,915. 

1,000 

25 

862,101 

5,165 

768,550 

5,000 

677,670 

2,500 

26 

1,132,443 

3,160 

937,844 

8,000 

793,172 

6,500 

27 

1,527,604 

18,000 

1,194,001 

18,200 

1,025,109 

9,000 

28 

2,195,649 

8,000 

1,768,620 

10,000 

1,442,034 

9,000 

29 

3,177,940 

11,750 

2,344,570 

12,000 

1,889,708 

25,000 

30 

3,500,831 

11,869 

2,613,715 

19,000 

31 

3,031-075 

5,500 

$10,309,144 

$51,075 

$11,798,873 

$79,819 

$12,629,476 

$80,750 

AC 

JE  AT   EXPO 

SURE. 

3 

2 

z 

3 

34 

15 

1,500 

16 

2,200 

2,200 

1,700 

17 

5,800 

3,000 

1,000 

18 

9,115 

8,980 

5,000 

19 

19,170 

16,740 

1,000 

14,510 

20 

77,770 

1,000 

71,370 

71,320 

21 

86,013 

72,770 

65,470 

2,000 

22 

153,375 

3,000 

138,590 

1,000 

116,730 

1,000 

23 

273,985 

244,990 

4,000 

217,872 

1,000 

24 

414,125 

1,500 

374,890 

3,000 

322,680 

25 

620,585 

4,000 

566,871 

5,000 

517,722 

12,500 

26 

733,677 

12,000 

648,205 

1,500 

570,107 

10,000 

27 

881,169 

11,500 

793,902 

5,"o 

726,160 

17,000 

28 

1,176,677 

7,000 

991,930 

10,000 

879,029 

10,220 

29 

1,504,575 

16,000 

1,304,691 

11,625 

1,109,284 

12,000 

30 

2,071,965 

19,000 

1,621,317 

3,000 

1,352,486 

5,500 

31 

2,299,770 

7,000 

1,801,137 

10,500 

1,409,884 

11,000 

32 

3,325,936 

11,550 

2,471,346 

26,000 

1,967,973 

16,750 

33 

3,351,532 

14,500 

2,489,382 

33,000 

34 

3,334,601 

9,500 

$13,657,407 

$93,550 

$14,484,461 

$96,235 

$15,172,910 

$141,470 

34 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


35 


AGE   AT   EXPOSURE. 
36 


37 


Age  at 
entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

16 

700 

700 

700 

18 

1,000 

1,000 

900 

19 

10,110 

3,500 

3,000 

20 

63,670 

48,360 

33,750 

21 

58,320 

2,000 

52,105 

40,483 

22 

99,270 

92,230 

82,595 

1,000 

23 

197,630 

179,974 

2,045 

146,728 

24 

296,209 

3,000 

273,437 

2,000 

254,244 

25 

445.289 

2,000 

396,698 

1,140 

368,035 

S>5oo 

26 

519,423 

5,000 

467,023 

423,167 

2,000 

27 

653,422 

586,567 

530,221 

1,000 

28 

806,849 

7,000 

746,316 

7,000 

685,821 

29 

984,085 

5,365 

889,250 

7,000 

793,050 

7,200 

30 

1,167,067 

8,140 

1,050,135 

3,590 

963,890 

8,000 

31 

1,197,639 

8,500 

1,011,874 

7,000 

892,821 

2,500 

32 

1,599,655 

11,110 

1,350,364 

6,150 

1,181,747 

25,500 

33 

2,010,000 

6,000 

1,614,955 

18,000 

1,366,941 

40,360 

34 

2,573,541 

26,500 

2,054,209 

15,215 

1,607,022 

8,500 

35 

3,254,363 

28,153 

2,400,661 

7,500 

1,951,470 

17,500 

36 

2,986,785 

16,500 

2,200,860 

6,000 

37 

2,936,337 

9,500 

$15,938,242 

$112,768 

$16,206,143 

$93,140 

$16,463,782 

$134,560 

AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 
38  39 


40 


16 

700 

20 

26,660 

21 

30,615 

,22 

64,790 

23 

134,659 

24 

240,730 

25 

320,560 

26 

373,263 

27 

481,680 

28 

631,629 

29 

750,443 

30 

883,834 

31 

813,390 

32 

1,010,232 

33 

1,149,180 

34 

1,397,506 

35 

1,563,185 

36 

1,716,395 

37 

2,271,087 

38 

2,925,636 

39 

40 

1,000 

2,205 

1,000 
2,000 
2,000 
8,000 

7,500 

11,000 

12,590 
15,000 
13,000 

7,000 

13,750 

4,800 


17*500 

22,500 

55,855 
115,095 

202,666 

277,755 
332,238 

413,843 
590,148 

673,169 
796,638 

739,528 

915,394 

1,026,116 

1,147,660 

1,335,525 
1,358,010 
1,763,617 

2,200,986 

2,963,150 


$16,786,174  $100,845  $16,947,393 


"5 

9,000 

2,000 

2,865 

2,000 

11,000 

5,605 

4,060 

1,000 

7,000 

2,160 

21,500 

21,000 

14,500 

19,995 
22,000 

4,500 


$150,300 


4,000 
14,500 
44,500 

93,675 
153,245 
245,335 
292,525 
369,320 

525,698 
610,952 

703,925 
652,645 
835,191 
946,547 
1,009,758 

1,185,578 
1,107,440 

1,397,394 
1,801,244 
2,263,605 
2,790,502 


11,000 

6,500 

2,000 

2,770 

13,300 

7,340 

16,000 

4,900 

9,500 

15,000 

13,500 

14,250 

21,000 

15,000 

11,500 

$17,047,579  '$163,560 


35 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

41 

42 

43 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

20 

3,000 

2,000 

2,000 

21 

5>5oo 

4,500 

4,500 

22 

35»5oo 

25,500 

18,000 

23 

71,120 

33,300 

21,800 

24 

101,735 

76,235 

67,900 

5,000 

25 

185,515 

2,000 

137,615 

100,985 

26 

234,937 

1,000 

187,775 

1,000 

125,875 

27 

316,590 

4,500 

278,276 

3,000 

208,815 

28 

444,261 

3,899 

398,681 

4,000 

359,325 

1,000 

29 

530,934 

2,000 

475,265 

6,000 

416,765 

7,000 

30 

641,045 

1,000 

587,400 

1,615 

522,837 

8,000 

31 

571,880 

2,000 

529,705 

3,500 

485,893 

3,500 

32 

751,625 

9,500 

659,121 

4,035 

633,820 

7,500 

33 

878,024 

25,500 

761,936 

9,500 

692,889 

14,140 

34 

928,216 

3,800 

830,144 

10,100 

734,133 

18,520 

35 

1,073,039 

16,000 

992,648 

2,125 

928,147 

26,000 

36 

967,131 

11,785 

827,047 

13,500 

732,048 

4,750 

37 

1,159,819 

14,000 

1,004,770 

14,000 

878,102 

8,000 

38 

1,417,697 

7,500 

1,203,156 

1,967 

1,041,532 

1,000 

39 

1,816,232 

23,000 

1,453,637 

4,000 

1,243,893 

19,000 

40 

2,047,437 

11,500 

1,705,999 

31,000 

1,365,386 

23,500 

41 

2,433,976 

32,000 

1,829,326 

29,000 

1,527,651 

25,500 

42 

2,436,685 

12,885 

1,887,125 

21,500 

43 

1,976,763 

17,000 

$16,615,213 

$170,984 

$16,440,721 

$151,227 

$15,976,184 

$210,910 

36 


T A  B  L E    I .  —  Continued. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

44 

45 

46 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Ex]X>sures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

20 

2,000 

2,000 

31 

3,000 

22 

7,500 

23 

11,800 

6,000 

6,000 

24 

46,500 

33,500 

20,500 

25 

73,100 

10,000 

25,895 

13,500 

26 

93,920 

1,000 

74,475 

2,250 

34,600 

27 

173,770 

220 

117,820 

84,550 

28 

270,470 

7,255 

188,560 

5,000 

105,790 

1,000 

29 

366,390 

1,000 

254,435 

1,000 

173,815 

10,000 

30 

457,587 

7,000 

392,215 

23,095 

307,780 

8,000 

31 

430,385 

2,500 

396,220 

11,000 

328,996 

5,190 

32 

564,005 

2,035 

518,105 

1,000 

465,070 

4,080 

33 

627,624 

10,200 

551,616 

7,900 

502,241 

6,000 

34 

621,457 

8,000 

556,032 

15,500 

465,833 

9,085 

35 

829,664 

1,000 

734,676 

19,910 

675,707 

6,000 

36 

688,095 

3,090 

634,461 

16,770 

567,178 

13,500 

37 

795,102 

9,500 

706,707 

6,425 

642,377 

1 2, 000 

38 

920,360 

2,000 

845,197 

10,000 

771,830 

10,609 

39 

1,029,428 

4,000 

908,082 

8,000 

811,520 

33,600 

40 

1,151,631 

12,090 

1,012,955 

5,000 

899,626 

10,609 

41 

1,277,930 

9,000 

1,066,093 

5,500 

927,311 

8,000 

42 

1,528,497 

7,500 

1,230,626 

17,000 

1,020,726 

8,900 

43 

1,496,213 

27,000 

1,193,257 

8,000 

956,845 

10,722 

44 

1,918,375 

8,000 

1,536,860 

9,000 

1,295,159 

5,000 

45 

1,867,712 

4,000 

1,535,237 

4,700 

46 

1,697,540 

9,000 

$15,384,803 

$134,390 

$14,851,499 

$176,350 

$14,309,731 

$175,995 

37 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE  AT   EXPOSURE. 

47 

48 

49 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

23 

6,000 

24 

14,500 

13,000 

25 

12,500 

10,000 

3,000 

26 

21,600 

11,600 

8,825 

27 

59,350 

2,000 

34,575 

25,575 

1,000 

28 

85,290 

72,190 

45,690 

29 

127,405 

3,000 

93,215 

10,000 

41,000 

30 

207,055 

1,000 

138,075 

92,900 

2,000 

31 

246,410 

3,000 

180,645 

12,000 

136,090 

32 

396,385 

5,000 

276,715 

166,095 

3,000 

33 

454,008 

6,000 

395>i2i 

3,000 

303,781 

11,500 

34 

418,115 

5,400 

380,705 

4,000 

320,770 

3,000 

35 

586,126 

3,000 

511,235 

12,000 

455,944 

36 

518,453 

14,670 

466,016 

1,000 

407,178 

4,000 

37 

562,215 

4,000 

526,095 

9,000 

474,920 

2,000 

38 

719,085 

5»5oo 

651,665 

8,000 

571,928 

1,000 

39 

710,785 

3,095 

657,747 

10,700 

581,051 

10,000 

40 

812,144 

17,000 

749,486 

6,500 

659,836 

5,500 

41 

843,049 

7,000 

771,059 

13,200 

700,856 

7,000 

42 

863,948 

10,000 

778,610 

16,400 

714,590 

7,400 

43 

767,941 

3,000 

625,654 

562,966 

21,000 

44 

1,018,317 

22,000 

870,798 

4,500 

752,350 

45 

1,296,672 

7,500 

1,065,562 

41,500 

848,775 

12,000 

46 

1,345,650 

4,500 

1,083,478 

13,000 

893,372 

5,500 

47 

1,604,980 

21,000 

1,262,525 

21,500 

1,034,938 

■     30,000 

48 

1,266,056 

2,000 

974,097 

12,000 

49 

1,171,300 

7,000 

$13,697,983 

$147,665 

$12,891,827 

$188,300 

$11,947,827 

$144,900 

38 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE   AT   EXPOSURE. 

50 

c 

I 

52 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

26 

5,000 

• 

27 

16,575 

16,575 

28 

37,000 

28,500 

5,500 

29 

28,500 

21,000 

8,500 

30 

59,400 

45,500 

29,500 

31 

78,260 

38,310 

27,169 

2,500 

32 

109,635 

91,315 

70,490 

1,500 

33 

224,466 

154,660 

"4,315 

",750 

34 

227,170 

1,000 

163,895 

111,605 

3,500 

35 

390,093 

6,000 

308,738 

235,518 

3,533 

36 

370,602 

7,815 

317,468 

2,535 

217,983 

1,750 

37 

412,239 

X65 

366,565 

100 

317,270 

7,455 

38 

518,275 

350 

457,351 

1,000 

421,880 

9,268 

39 

530,795 

6,500 

497,"3 

2,200 

442,200 

5,000 

40 

580,836 

5,000 

523,271 

1,250 

500,661 

5,000 

41 

624,286 

9,500 

565,491 

1,000 

514,391 

2,000 

42 

621,520 

8,500 

544,747 

3,000 

473,035 

1,000 

43 

476,287 

6,000 

428,176 

397,886 

4,500 

44 

670,955 

14,600 

637,950 

7,500 

545,907 

7,500 

45 

740,487 

4,000 

662,467 

1,000 

617,070 

1,200 

46 

760,860 

9,000 

646,533 

15,345 

582,382 

18,500 

47 

776,438 

8,000 

658,605 

10,000 

572,413 

1,100 

48 

808,142 

3,500 

668,317 

1,500 

578,628 

11,500 

49 

1,001,700 

12,500 

836,960 

22,000 

696,913 

8,000 

50 

1,021,198 

9,000 

786,823 

5,500 

617,491 

4,500 

51 

930,112 

6,788 

771,341 

20,000 

52 

875,750 

2,000 

$11,090,719 

$111,430 

$10,396,442 

$80,718 

$9,745,798 

$133,056 

39 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


53 


AGE   AT  EXPOSURE. 

54 


55 


Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

29 

2,500 

30 

20,500 

14,500 

31 

11,500 

4,000 

32 

55,900 

37,750 

24,000 

IZ 

40,845 

1,000 

26,500 

15,000 

34 

95,800 

63,980 

30,000 

35 

154,700 

2,000 

112,120 

81,500 

1,500 

z(> 

161,190 

121,180 

2,000 

88,125 

37 

241,815 

2,175 

190,345 

7,000 

132,105 

2,000 

38 

360,483 

10,375 

287,610 

5,500 

214,485 

39 

401,315 

12,000 

323,280 

3,030 

238,585 

7,080 

40 

429,823 

1,000 

371,623 

6,090 

311,391 

6,000 

41 

484,421 

10,000 

445,850 

7,080 

419,640 

15,535 

42 

403,070 

11,565 

366,524 

1,100 

307,052 

17,190 

43 

368,280 

7,000 

348,356 

,.  6,250 

317,766 

2,780 

44 

495,735 

22,900 

430,775 

* 

402,395 

105 

45 

575,043 

529,856 

16,740 

475,248 

15,000 

46 

513,632 

4,000 

467,907 

1,000 

412,974 

5,685 

47 

527,547 

463,020 

6,115 

404,621 

4,530 

48 

476,545 

16,000 

413,876 

2,000 

393,014 

6,000 

49 

592,226 

2,500 

489,595 

1,195 

438,004 

3,195 

50 

514,758 

20,600 

416,931 

16,500 

369,341 

10,000 

51 

678,205 

12,500 

567,440 

17,000 

439,495 

2,500 

52 

715,125 

7,500 

604,846 

12,000 

515,604 

26,000 

53 

723,325 

566,450 

1,000 

467,921 

5,000 

54 

625,414 

43,500 

499,064 

1,000 

55 

479,430 

1,000 

$9,044,283 

$143,115 

$8,289,728 

$155,100 

$7,476,760 

$132,100 

40 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

56  57 


58 


Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

32 

11,000 

33 

12,000 

2,500 

9,500 

34 

13,000 

7,000 

6,000 

35 

59,000 

28,000 

19,000 

36 

70,450 

54,000 

6,000 

40,000 

37 

96,945 

1,000 

70,140 

3,000 

51,880 

38 

176,285 

6,960 

125,800 

2,500 

69,930 

39 

170,220 

9,600 

126,865 

2,000 

71,465 

2,000 

40 

201,323 

2,950 

164,448 

11,000 

125,963 

1,145 

41 

360,310 

3,000 

269,503 

4,300 

176,180 

5,260 

42 

263,305 

2,000 

234,345 

6,000 

186,080 

1,000 

43 

295,624 

•       283,786 

2,000 

250,186 

1,000 

44 

376,790 

8,000 

348,190 

3,870 

284,530 

1,850 

45 

427,780 

5,000 

367,202 

10,000 

312,789 

11,000 

46 

365,455 

4,000 

,v          329,290 

5,575 

299,301 

7,500 

47 

353,479 

13,000 

302,975 

640 

271,655 

7,000 

48 

345,595 

3,500 

298,730 

3,000 

244,504 

3,000 

49 

404,725 

7,000 

381,945 

20,000 

339,020 

17,000 

50 

325,959 

155 

303,916 

6,000 

273,416 

8,000 

51 

382,799 

15,500 

329,895 

3,900 

281,814 

6,000 

52 

416,667 

383,955 

1,000 

343,795 

21,000 

53 

377,335 

5,000 

310,835 

10,500 

282,720 

13,000 

54 

404,734 

7,500 

346,039 

3,000 

292,150 

5,000 

55 

406,680 

8,030 

330,445 

1,000 

295,245 

8,800 

56 

558,825 

3,500 

445,325 

10,500 

378,010 

2,000 

57 

317,099 

260,224 

5,000 

58 

444,750 

1 2,000 

$6,876,285 

$108,195 

$6,169,228 

$115,785 

$5,600,607 

$138,555 

41 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

59 

60 

61 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

35 

13,475 

36 

25,000 

23,000 

37 

23,880 

16,880 

2,000 

38 

45,215 

2,000 

31,385 

22,885 

39 

35,150 

14,850 

1,000 

11,350 

40 

88,743 

5,000 

57,900 

2,000 

38,500 

1,000 

41 

112,385 

245 

67,970 

2,000 

65,070 

2,000 

42 

137,285 

118,400 

73,635 

1,500 

43 

185,666 

1,000 

135,510 

17,500 

75,010 

1,000 

44 

243,445 

7,500 

203,250 

6,000 

148,485 

45 

248,133 

4,145 

180,970 

2,200 

129,480 

11,000 

46 

252,815 

1,000 

226,855 

•10,500 

195,456 

15,175 

47 

220,855 

1,000 

192,945 

8,645 

159,055 

48 

219,690 

8,000 

199,400 

2,000 

178,995 

4,600 

49 

290,630 

23,000 

231,195 

7,600 

191,970 

7,375 

50 

245,851 

13,000 

215,965 

15,200 

189,586 

5,600 

51 

244,860 

7,940 

227,400 

2,500 

217,320 

5,000 

52 

287,850 

11,500 

259,845 

3,410 

239,205 

5,000 

53 

235,630 

5,000 

199,855 

190,930 

54 

222,280 

1,500 

189,659 

3,000 

167,524 

1,600 

55 

245,405 

223,005 

11,500 

184,405 

13,000 

56 

282,270 

2,500 

261,580 

6,000 

222,985 

10,000 

57 

204,524 

1,000 

172,514 

8,000 

139,904 

2,000 

58 

380,250 

350,737 

12,000 

275,715 

1,000 

59 

364,250 

10,500 

315,750 

9,000 

242,668 

60 

302,475 

2,000 

212,100 

6,000 

61 

251,500 

20,000 

$4,855,537 

$105,830 

$4,419,295 

$132,055 

$3,825,733 

$112,850 

42 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

62 

63 

64 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

38 

22,885 

39 

7,850 

7,850 

40 

32,500 

18,000 

11,000 

41 

46,070 

30,570 

21,000 

5,000 

42 

41,135 

1,000 

34,635 

30,500 

2,000 

43 

61,510 

5,000 

45,510 

32,510 

44 

107,325 

67,660 

48,000 

5,000 

45 

84,693 

5,490 

79,975 

1,000 

58,200 

1,000 

46 

141,921 

8,000 

97,700 

5.500 

67,975 

6,500 

47 

141,505 

10,000 

97,302 

7,055 

62,900 

48 

161,925 

7,200 

132,400 

1,000 

100,905 

1,000 

49 

164,200 

20,000 

"6,455 

2,000 

97,395 

3,000 

50 

163,993 

11,245 

139,171 

1,000 

138,216 

5,175 

51 

177,927 

4,500 

144,850 

1,530 

137,555 

27,500 

52 

202,560 

8,500 

169,120 

11,000 

151,436 

1,500 

53 

180,158 

2,000 

175,140 

156,965 

2,000 

54 

161,334 

154,389 

14,000 

124,764 

6,255 

55 

165,005 

5,000 

109,805 

101,405 

56 

189,435 

3,200 

179,630 

7,500 

158,385 

3,000 

57 

117,194 

10,000 

95,799 

88,444 

3,000 

58 

224,225 

15,000 

197,640 

6,680 

161,555 

2,500 

59 

229,829 

23,000 

171,444 

30,000 

125,950 

6,000 

60 

185,100 

2,500 

167,575 

163,375 

10,600 

61 

197,500 

145,250 

2,000 

121,793 

13,000 

62 

137,250 

3,000 

99,500 

86,850 

5,500 

63 

105,596 

2,500 

86,346 

3,000 

64 

100,000 

2,000 

$3,345,029 

$144,635 

$2,782,966 

$92,765 

$2,433,424 

$114,530 

43 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

65 

66 

67 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures, 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

41 

15,000 

42 

14,500 

4,500 

43 

21,510 

1, 000 

15,510 

2,510 

8,000 

44 

29,000 

25,000 

4,000 

15,000 

45 

47,000 

5,000 

31,500 

15,500 

46 

47,840 

37,840 

32,120 

47 

5r,75<5 

3,000 

47,750 

1,000 

29,950 

48 

62,505 

1,000 

50,980 

30,480 

' 

49 

61,120 

51,590 

2,000 

48,815 

8,000 

50 

101,116 

5,000 

75,161 

43,501 

1,000 

51 

85,545 

74,515 

3,000 

48,810 

10,000 

52 

131,500 

5,000 

114,103 

18,735 

72,820 

2,480 

53 

132,165 

4,000 

125,245 

108,845 

5,000 

54 

106,259 

9,000 

77,509 

5,000 

57,309 

1,000 

55 

97,347 

1,000 

79,560 

72,060 

6,110 

56 

153,770 

5,000 

142,020 

3,810 

138,210 

15,150 

57 

80,614 

5,000 

72,499 

1,095 

66,684 

600 

58 

135,015 

1,000 

126,015 

14,000 

87,645 

59 

110,075 

6,500 

94,450 

3,000 

82,403 

10,000 

60 

117,075 

10,000 

109,575 

5,275 

88,300 

2,000 

61 

94,180 

82,015 

12,675 

68,040 

62 

65,200 

57,208 

51,595 

63 

74,181 

66,181 

1,250 

47,431 

64 

80,875 

2,500 

66,400 

51,000 

1,000 

65 

79,000 

64,250 

54,100 

200 

66 

27,750 

6,500 

20,000 

67 

40,500 

1 0,000 

$1,994,142 

$64,000 

$1,719,126 

$83,850 

$1,379,118 

$72,540 

44 


TABLE    I . — Continued. 


AGE   AT   EXPOSURE. 

68 

69 

70 

Age  at 
entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths, 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

44 

i5»ooo 

45 

I5.500 

5,000 

46 

24,540 

3,000 

47 

21,800 

14,800 

10,000 

7,000 

48 

24,480 

2,500 

19,880 

880 

10,500 

49 

35,395 

10,000 

23,500 

19,500 

50 

28,601 

2,000 

22,421 

19,165 

51 

35,290 

11,500 

20,800 

20,800 

8,000 

52 

43,905 

75 

25,680 

1,000 

14,000 

2,000 

53 

69,645 

12,065 

52,215 

37,075 

1,000 

54 

54,309 

7,500 

43,109 

35,274 

55 

63,075 

3,000 

53,750 

20,000 

*i,55o 

1,000 

56 

112,060 

7,975 

83,375 

81,695 

5,000 

57 

63,229 

230 

60,999 

5,000 

47,699 

2,000 

58 

86,470 

28,955 

50,515 

50,515 

59 

68,595 

7,000 

63,980 

6,000 

55,980 

3,155 

60 

65,710 

63,710 

60,210 

61 

66,165 

1,490 

63,500 

63,500 

1,500 

62 

48,845 

3,500 

40,345 

7,000 

30,345 

5,000 

63 

47,431 

5,400 

40,016 

2,500 

37,516 

64 

50,000 

1,000 

45,800 

40,250 

65 

48,400 

10,000 

33,400 

2,000 

18,400 

66 

20,000 

1,000 

4,000 

4,000 

67 

12,000 

12,000 

5,000 

7,000 

68 

35,625 

1,000 

14,000 

14,000 

69 

5,000 

70 

11,500 

500 

$1,156,070 



$116,190 

$864,795 

$49,380 

$710,474 

$36,155 

45 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


AGE   AT  EXPOSURE. 

7 

I 

72 

73 

Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

47 

3,000 

48 

3,000 

49 

13,500 

2,000 

6,500 

2,000 

50 

13,165 

11,165 

410 

9,755 

51 

12,000 

10,000 

2,000 

8,000 

52 

6,000 

1,000 

1,000 

53 

17,075 

16,000 

3,000 

13,000 

54 

18,274 

15,774 

13,774 

55 

18,050 

300 

8,000 

7,000 

56 

41,695 

555 

40,044 

2,000 

35,500 

17,000 

57 

42,619 

41,619 

5,000 

19,264 

58 

47,515 

36,955 

33,340 

290 

59 

51,325 

9,500 

37,849 

2,000 

31,825 

1,000 

60 

58,618 

57,500 

53,445 

4,000 

61 

60,000 

1,335 

58,665 

1,650 

51,715 

62 

25,345 

23,245 

2,145 

21,100 

63 

33,016 

1,500 

30,016 

1,000 

28,516 

64 

37,500 

5,000 

30,000 

30,000 

65 

16,400 

16,400 

12,640 

66 

4,000 

4,000 

1,000 

3,000 

3,000 

67 

6,000 

6,000 

2,000 

68 

3,000 

1,000 

1,125 

1,125 

70 

11,000 

10,075 

10,075 

71 

7,500 

7,500 

5,000 

$549,597 

$21,190 

$469,432 

$21,205 

$392,074 

$25,290 

AC 

JE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

7 

4 

75 

76 

50 

7,000 

51 

8,000 

2,000 

53 

6,500 

6,000 

3,000 

54 

13,774 

9,774 

3,000 

6,774 

55 

5,000 

5,000 

2,000 

56 

11,750 

4,000 

4,000 

57 

18,264 

16,964 

8,964 

58 

32,845 

11,500 

1,000 

6,000 

59 

25,825 

24,740 

4,000 

1,240 

60 

43,945 

28,945 

17,445 

61 

18,680 

17,680 

8,000 

9,680 

75 

62 

21,100 

7,100 

3,100. 

63 

22,516 

485 

22,031 

85 

20,946 

64 

25,000 

24,320 

1,000 

23,320 

65 

12,290 

9,570 

3,890 

5,000 

2,000 

67 

2,000 

2,000 

2,000 

68 

1,125 

1,125 

1,125 

70 

10,075 

7,575 

5,075 

71 

5,000 

5,000 

$290,689 

$5,485 

$200,324 

$20,975 

$119,669 

$2,075 

46 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


77 


AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 

78 


79 


Age  at 
Entry. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

Exposures. 

Deaths. 

53 

3,000 

54 

6,774 

2,000 

55 

2,000 

2,000 

2,000 

56 

4,000 

4,000 

3,000 

57 

8,964 

1,200 

6,764 

5,764 

5« 

1,000 

1,000 

59 

240 

60 

x6,445 

5,000 

5,945 

4,000 

2,500 

61 

7,000 

7,000 

62 

3,100 

450 

63 

20,946 

946 

20,000 

10,000 

64 

13,320 

320 

13,000 

10,000 

3,000 

65 

3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

67 

2,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

68 

1,125 

1,125 

125 

x,ooo 

70 

5,075 

5,075 

5,075 

5,000 

$97,989 

$15,466 

$65,359 

$11,125 

$36,839 

$7,500 

AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 
80  81 


82 


57 

4,764 

60 

1,500 

1,500 

1,500 

64 

2,000 

2,000 

65 

3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

68 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

70 

75 

75 

75 

$12,339 

$2,000 

$5,575 

$5,575 

AGE  AT  EXPOSURE. 
83  84 


68 
70 


1,000 

19^ 

$1,019 


1,000 


$1,000 


47 


TABLE 
EXPOSURES   AND 


Probable  Mortality. 

Age  at 

Actual  Mor- 

Expos- 

Amount Exposed. 

tality. 

ure. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

30  Offices. 

II 

700 

5 

5 

5 

12 

1,500 

II 

10 

10 

13 

6,950 

53 

48 

45 

H 

9,375 

71 

65 

62 

15 

35,o°o 

267 

243 

231 

16 

66,100 

506 

463 

437 

17 

126,710 

974 

895 

842 

18 

241,460 

1,000 

1,866 

1,723 

1,614 

19 

411,146 

5,000 

3,193 

2,963 

2,762 

20 

741,598 

3,500 

5,788 

5,407 

5,015 

21 

1,405,313 

4,000 

11,039 

10,367 

9,567 

22 

2,066,898 

6,000 

16,341 

15,427 

14,171 

23 

3,113,800 

28,000 

24,780 

23,553 

21,519 

24 

4,186,068 

24,000 

33,535 

32,090 

29,189 

25 

5,569,614 

25,000 

44,919 

43,276 

39,166 

26 

6,924,268 

43,600 

56,294 

54,612 

49,266 

27 

8,030,260 

56,827 

65,824 

64,290 

57,738 

28 

9,151,022 

52,000 

75,624 

74,480 

66,574 

29 

10,309,144 

51,075 

86,030 

85,308 

76,133 

30 

11,798,873 

79,819 

99,*429 

99,406 

88,315 

31 

12,629,476 

80,750 

107,477 

108,326 

96,009 

32 

13,657,407 

93,550 

"7,549 

119,451 

105,531. 

33 

14,484,461 

96,235 

126,276 

129,177 

114,007 

34 

15,172,910 

141,470 

133,992 

137,988 

121,793 

35 

15,938,242 

112,768 

142,584 

148,024 

130,885 

36 

16,206,143 

93,140 

147,298 

153,705 

135,970 

37 

16,463,782 

134,560 

152,027 

159,475 

141,440 

38 

16,786,174 

100,845 

157,924 

166,274 

148,155 

39 

16,947,393 

150,300 

162,458 

171,684 

153,83^ 

40 

17,047,579 

163,560 

166,964 

176,637 

159,565 

41 

16,615,213 

170,984 

166,285 

176,321 

160,287 

42 

16,440,721 

151,227 

168,550 

179,105 

164,374 

43 

15,976,184 

210,910 

168,022 

179,748 

165,369 

44 

15,384,803 

134,390 

166,602 

179,956 

165,556 

45 

14,851,499 

176,350 

165,787 

181,367 

-  166,381 

46 

14,309,731 

175,995 

165,449 

183,723 

167,252 

47 

13,697,983 

147,665 

164,376 

185,142 

167,485 

48 

12,891,827 

188,300 

161,264 

183,837 

165,196 

49 

11,947,827 

144,900 

156,588 

179,946 

160,806 

50 

11,090,719 

111,430 

152,841 

176,775 

157,211 

51 

10,396,442 

80,718 

151,177 

175,679 

155,479 

52 

9,745,798 

133,056 

149,978 

174,908 

154,120 

48 


II. 

DEATHS    BY   AGES. 


Probable  Mortality. 

Ratio 

OF  Actual  to  Probable 
Mortality. 

Mortality 
Rate. 

Age  at 

Expos- 

H" 

H«(5). 

Ameri-     A 
can.       ai 

ctu- 
"ies. 

30 
Offices. 

H». 

H-(5). 

Deaths 
Amts.  Exposed. 

ure. 

3 

2 

11 

5 

5 

12 

20 

20 

13 

26 

28 

14 

100 

114 

IS 

215 

249 

16 

492 

558 

17 

1,157 

1,316 

.536 

580 

.620 

.864 

.760 

.004  141 

18 

2,362 

2,763 

1.566     1 

688 

1.810 

2.117 

i.Sio 

.012  161 

19 

4,694 

6,175 

.605 

647 

.698 

.746 

.567 

.004720 

20 

9,451 

13,571 

.362 

386 

.418 

.423 

.295 

.002  846 

21 

14,146 

21,250 

.367 

389 

•423 

.424 

.282 

.062  903 

22 

21,062 

33,346 

1. 130     I 

189 

I.301 

1.329 

.840 

.008  992 

23 

27,791 

45,314 

.716 

748 

.822 

.864 

.530 

•005  733 

24 

36,927 

58,514 

.557 

578 

.638 

.677 

.427 

.004  489 

25 

46,289 

69,686 

•775 

798 

•885 

.942 

.626 

.006  297 

26 

55,441 

79,845 

.863 

884 

.984 

1.025 

.712 

.007  077 

27 

65,631 

88,802 

.688 

698 

.781 

.792 

.586 

.005  682 

28 

76,628 

97,504 

•594 

599 

.671 

.667 

•524 

.004954 

29 

91,123 

108,585 

.803 

803 

•904 

.876 

•735 

.006  765 

30 

99,988 

115,838 

•751 

745 

.841 

.808 

•697 

.006  394 

31 

110,693 

126,427 

.796 

783 

.886 

.845 

.740 

.006  850 

32 

1 20,004 

133,619 

.762 

745 

.844 

.802 

.720 

.006  644 

33 

129,030 

143,096 

1.056     I 

025 

1. 162 

1.096 

.989 

.009324 

34 

139,842 

159,4^4 

.791 

762 

.862 

.806 

.707 

•007  075 

35 

147,622 

167,685 

•632 

606 

.685 

.631 

.555 

.005  747 

36 

155,813 

176,179 

.885 

844 

•951 

.864 

.764 

.008  173 

37 

164,169 

185,739 

•639 

606 

.681 

.614 

•543 

.006  008 

38 

170,864 

189,624 

•925 

875 

•977 

.880 

.793 

.008  869 

39 

175,692 

192,910 

.980 

926 

1.025 

•931 

.848 

.009  594 

40 

174,244 

188,034 

1.028 

970 

1.067 

.981 

.909 

.oio  291 

41 

176,475 

190,318 

.897 

844 

.920 

.857 

•795 

.009  198 

42 

177,767 

189,222 

1-255     I 

173 

1275 

i.i86 

1.115 

.013  202 

43 

177,787 

188,495 

.807 

747 

.812 

.756 

•713 

.008  735 

44 

181,069 

192,223 

1.064 

972 

1.060 

•974 

.917 

.011  874 

45 

185,168 

195,457 

1.064 

958 

1.052 

•950 

.900 

.012  299 

46 

187,690 

197,278 

.898 

798 

.882 

.787 

•749 

.010780 

47 

186,158 

197,438 

1. 168    I 

024 

1. 140 

1.012 

•954 

.014606 

48 

181,846 

194,355 

•925 

805 

.901 

•797 

•746 

.012  128 

49 

176,897 

189,829 

.729 

630 

•709 

.630 

•587 

.010047 

50 

173,309 

187,188 

•534 

460 

•519 

.466 

•431 

.007  764 

51 

171,029 

183,085 

.887 

761 

•863 

.778 

.727 

•013653 

52 

49 


TABLE 


Probable  Mortality. 

Age  at 

Actual  Mor- 

Expos- 

Amount Exposed. 

tality. 

ure. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

30  Offices. 

53 

9,044,283 

143,115 

147,720 

172,682 

151,510 

54 

8,289,728 

155,100 

144,208 

168,389 

147,383 

55 

7,476,760 

132,100 

138,851 

161,977 

141,535 

56 

6,876,285 

108,195 

136,735 

159,021 

138,708 

57 

6,169,228 

115,785 

131,620 

152,250 

133,009 

58 

5,600,607 

138,555 

128,456 

147,778 

129,150 

59 

4,855.537 

105,830 

120,029 

137,153 

119,966 

60 

4,419,295 

132,055 

117,964 

134,064 

117,231 

61 

3,825,733 

112,850 

110,487 

124,765 

109.144 

62 

3,345,029 

144,635 

104,673 

117,477 

102,6192 

^3 

2,782,966 

92,765 

94,462 

105,307 

92,138 

64 

2,433,424 

114,530 

89,728 

99,347 

86,971 

65 

1,994,142 

64,000 

80,023 

87,906 

77,054 

66 

1,719,126 

83,850 

75,138 

81,854 

71,841 

67 

1,379,118 

72,540 

65,711 

70,989 

62,449 

68 

1,156,070 

116,190 

60,118 

64,312 

56,697 

69 

864,795 

49,380 

49,087 

51,963 

46,043 

70 

710,474 

36,155 

44,044 

46,133 

41,050 

71 

549,597 

21,190 

37,188 

38,559 

34,501 

72 

469,432 

21,205 

34,613 

35,585 

32,023 

73 

392,074 

25,290 

31,436 

32,105 

29,072 

74 

290,689 

5,485 

25,298 

25,717 

23,461 

75 

200,324 

20,975 

18,905 

19,143 

17,587 

76 

119,669 

2,075 

12,243 

12,347 

11,429 

77 

97,989 

15,466 

10,883 

10,923 

10,190 

78 

65,359 

11,125 

7,897 

7,872 

7,397 

79 

36,839 

7,500 

4,853 

4,791 

4,538 

80 

12,339 

2,000 

1,783 

1,732 

1,654 

81 

5,575 

884 

844 

813 

82 

5,575 

972 

910 

885 

83 

1,019 

195 

179 

176 

84 
Totals 

1,000 

211 

190 

188 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,416,143 

$5,717,848 

- 

50 


II.  —  Con  tin  ued. 


Probable  Mortality. 

Ratio  of  Actual  to  Probable 
Mortality. 

Mortality 
Rate. 

Age  at 

Expos- 
ure. 

H<». 

H»(5). 

Ameri- 
can. 

Actu- 
aries. 

30 
Offices. 

H". 

H-Ks). 

Deaths 

Amu.  Exposed. 

168,224 

180,080 

.969 

.829 

•945 

.851 

.795 

.015  824 

53 

163,589 

173,595 

1.076 

.921 

1.052 

•948 

.893 

.018710 

54 

157,259 

165,886 

•951 

.816 

.933 

.840 

•796 

.017668 

55 

154,393 

161,634 

.791 

.680 

.780 

.701 

.669 

•015735 

56 

148,000 

154,693 

.880 

.760 

.871 

.782 

.748 

.018768 

57 

143,521 

148,847 

1.080 

•938 

1.073 

•965 

.931 

•024739 

58 

133,717 

137,703 

.882 

.772 

.882 

.791 

.769 

.021  796 

59 

131,156 

135,398 

1.119 

•985 

1.126 

1.007 

.975 

.029881 

60 

122,569 

125,928 

1.021 

•905 

1.034 

.921 

.896 

.029  498 

61 

115,858 

119,026 

1.380 

1.231 

1.408 

1.248 

1.215 

•043  239 

62 

104,333 

107,144 

.982 

.881 

1.007 

.889 

.866 

•033  III 

63 

98,335 

101,498 

1.276 

1153 

1.317 

1. 165 

1.128 

.047  065 

64 

86,608 

88,967 

.800 

.728 

.831 

•739 

.719 

.032  094 

65 

80,058 

82,236 

1.116 

1.024 

1.167 

1.047 

1.020 

•048775 

66 

68,803 

70,276 

1.104 

1.022 

1. 162 

1.054 

1.032 

•052599 

67 

61,542 

62,947 

1.932 

1.807 

2.049 

1.888 

1.846 

.100504 

68 

49,587 

50,260 

1.006 

•950 

1.072 

•996 

.982 

.057  100 

69 

44,186 

44,643 

.821 

.784 

.881 

.818 

.810 

.050  889 

70 

37,400 

37,680 

•570 

•550 

.614 

.567 

.562 

.038556 

71 

35,179 

35,466 

•613 

•596 

.662 

.603 

.598 

.045  172 

72 

32,487 

32,730 

.804 

.790 

.870 

•778 

.773 

.064  503 

73 

26,509 

26,810 

.217 

.213 

.234 

.207 

.205 

.018868 

74 

19,704 

19,931 

1. 110 

1.096 

1. 193 

1.065 

1.052 

.104705 

75 

12,729 

12,942 

.169 

.168 

.182 

.163 

.160 

.017339 

76 

11,238 

11,316 

1.421 

1.416 

1.518 

1.376 

1.367 

.157834 

77 

8,053 

8,146 

1.409 

1-413 

1.504 

1.381 

1.366 

.170214 

78 

4,902 

4,970 

1.545 

1565 

1653 

1.528 

1.509 

.203589 

79 

1,785 

1,799 

1. 122 

1.155 

1.209 

1. 120 

1. 112 

.162088 

80 

881 

88s 

81 

955 

961 

82 

189 

189 

83 

199 

199 

84 

$6,240,667  $6,815,885 

.918 

.845 

.948 

.869 

.796 

.01 184 

Totals 

51 


TABLE 
EXPOSURES  AND   DEATHS 


Probable  Mortality. 

Ages  at 
Exposure. 

Amount  Exposed. 

Actual 
Mortality. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

30  Offices. 

11-15 

53,525 

407 

371 

353 

16-20 

1,587,014 

9,500 

12,327 

11,451 

10,670 

21-25 

16,341,693 

87,000 

130,614 

124,713  ■ 

113,612 

26-30 

46,213,567 

283,321 

383,201 

378,096 

338,026 

31-35 

71,882,496 

524,773 

627,878 

642,966 

568,225 

.    36-40 

83,451,071 

642,405 

786,671 

827,775 

738,961 

}3  41-45 

4) 

79,268,420 

843,861 

835,246 

896,497 

821,967 

>*    46-50 

63,938,087 

768,290 

800,518 

909,423 

817,950 

51-55 

44,953,011 

644,089 

731,934 

853,635 

750,027 

56-60 

27,920,952 

600,420 

634,804 

730,266 

638,064 

61-65 

14,381,294 

528,780 

479,373 

534,802 

467,999 

66-70 

5,829,583 

358,115 

294,098 

315,251 

278,080 

71-75 

1,902,116 

94,145 

147,440 

151,109 

136,644 

76-84 

345,364 

38,166 

39,9.21 

39,788 

37,270 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,416,143 

$5,717,848 

11—20 

1,640,539 

9,500 

12,734 

11,822 

11,023 

21-30 

62,555,260 

370,321 

513,815 

502,809 

451,638 

S  31-40 

155,333,567 

1,167,178 

1,414,549 

1,470,741 

1,307,186 

^  4.-50 

143,206,507 

1,612,151 

1,635,764 

1,805,920 

1,639,917 

0   51-60 

72,873,963 

1,244,509 

1,366,738 

1,583,901 

1,388,091 

61-70 

20,210,877 

886,895 

773,471 

850,053 

746,079 

71-84 

2,247,480 

132,311 

187,361 

190,897 

173,914 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,416,143 

$5,717,848 

52 


III. 

BY   GROUPS   OF   AGES. 


Probabt.k  Mortauty. 

Ratio  of  Actual  to  Probable 
Mortality. 

Mortality 
Rate. 

Ages  at 
Exposure. 

H"". 

H-Ks). 

Ameri- 
can. 

Actu- 
aries. 

30 
Offices. 

H» 

H»(5). 

Deaths 

Amts.  Exposed. 

154 

169 

11-15 

8,920 

11,061 

.771 

.830 

.890  !  1.065 

.859 

•00599 

16-20 

I09»377 

171,99s 

.666 

.698 

.766 

•795 

.506 

.00532 

21-25 

335>"2 

444,422 

•739 

•749 

.838 

.845 

.638 

.00613 

26-30 

599,557 

678,394 

.836 

.817 

.924 

•875 

•774 

.00730 

31-35 

814,160 

912,137 

.817 

.776 

.869 

.789 

.704 

.00770 

36-40      . 

887,342 

948,292 

I.OIO 

•941 

1.027 

•951 

.890 

.01065 

41-45   l3    . 

917,759 

974,357 

.960 

.845 

•939 

.837 

.789 

.01202 

46-50  >* 

833»4io 

889,834 

.880 

.755 

.859 

•773 

.724 

.01433 

10 

51-55 

710,787 

738,275 

.946 

.822 

.941 

.845 

•813 

,02150 

56-60 

527,703 

542,563 

1. 103 

•989 

1. 130 

1,002 

•975 

.03677 

61-65 

304,176 

310,362 

1,218 

1. 136 

1.288 

1.177 

1.154 

.06143 

66-70 

151,279 

152,617 

•639 

.623 

.689 

.622 

.617 

.04950 

71-75 

40,931 

41,407 

•956 

•959 

X.024 

•932 

.922 

.11050 

76-84 

$6,240,667 

$6,815,885 

.918 

.845 

.948 

.869 

.796 

.01184 

9,074 

11,230 

.746 

.804 

.862 

1,047 

.846 

.00579 

11-20 

444,489 

616,417 

.721 

.737 

.820 

.833 

.601 

.00592 

21-30 

1,413,717 

1,590,531 

.825 

.794 

.893 

.826 

•732 

.00756 

31-40  g 

1,805,101 

1,922,649 

.986 

.893 

•983 

.893 

.839 

.01126 

41-50  ;*; 

1,544,197 

1,628,109 

.911 

.786 

.897 

.806 

.764 

.01708 

51-60  0 

831,879 

852,925 

1. 147 

1.043 

1. 189 

1.066 

1.040 

.04388 

61-70 

192,210 

194,024 

.706 

.693 

.761 

.688 

.682 

.05887 

71-84 

$6,240,667 

$6,815,885 

.918 

.845 

.948 

.869 

.796 

.01184 

53 


TABLE 


Probable  Mortality. 

Ages  at 
Exposure. 

Amount  Exposed. 

Actual 
Mortality. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

30  Offices. 

11-25 

17,982,232 

96,500 

143,348 

136,535 

124,635 

w    26-40 

201,547,134 

1,450,499 

1,797,750 

1,848,837 

1,645,212 

>!  41-55 

188,159,518 

2,256,240 

2,367,698 

2,659,555 

2,389,944 

xn  56-70 

48,131,829 

1,487,315 

1,408,275 

1,580,319 

1,384,143 

71-84 

2,247,480 

132,311 

187,361 

190,897 

173,914 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,416,143 

$5,717,848 

to    "-3° 

64,195,799 

379,821 

526,549 

514,631 

462,661 

rt   31-50 

298,540,074 

2,779,329 

3,050,313 

3,276,661 

2,947,103 

>*   51-70 

93,084,840 

2,131,404 

2,140,209 

2,433,954 

2,134,170 

N    71-84 

2,247,480 

132,311 

187,361 

190,897 

173,914 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,416,143 

$5,717,848 

(0 

13    "-35 

136,078,295 

904,594 

1,154,427 

1,157,597 

1,030,886 

>   36-60 

299,531,541 

3,499,065 

3,789,173 

4,217,596 

3,766,969 

JO  61-84 

22,458,357 

1,019,206 

960,832 

1,040,950 

919,993 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,416,143 

$5,717,848 

(A 

rt    11-40 

219,529,366 

1,546,999 

1,941,098 

1,985,372 

1,769,847 

>*    41-84 
0 

CO 

238,538,827 

3,875,866 

3,963,334 

4,430,771 

3,948,001 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,416,143 

$5,717,848 

54 


1 1 1. — Continued. 


Probable  Mortality. 

Ratio  of  Actual  to  Probable 
mortauty. 

mortauty 
Rate. 

Ages  at 

H"> 

H«(5). 

Ameri- 
can. 

Actu- 
aries. 

30 
Offices. 

H-. 

H«(5). 

Deaths 

Exposure. 

Amts.  Exposed. 

1 18.45 1 

183,225 

.673 

.707 

•774 

.8'5 

•527 

.00536 

11-25 

1,748,829 

2,034,953 

.809 

.785 

.882 

.829 

.713 

.00719 

26-40    2 

2,638,511 

2,812,483 

•953 

.848 

•944 

.855 

.802 

.01200 

4.-55  ^ 

1,542,666 

1,591,200 

1.056 

.941 

^•07  5 

.964 

•935 

.03090 

56-70    10 

192,210 

194,024 

.706 

•693 

.761 

.688 

.682 

.05887 

71-84 

$6,240,667 

$6,815,885 

.918 

.845 

.948 

.869 

.796 

.01184 

453,563 

627,647 

.721 

•738 

.821 

.837 

.605 

.00592 

11-30    ^ 

3,218,818 

3,513,180 

.911 

.848 

•943 

.863 

.791 

.00931 

31-50  2 

2,376,076 

2,481,034 

•996 

.876 

•999 

.897 

•859 

.02290 

51-70  > 

192,210 

194,024 

.706 

•693 

.761 

.688 

.682 

.05887 

71-84  '^ 

$6,240,667 

$6,815,885 

.918 

.845 

.948 

.869 

.796 

.01184 

1,053,120 

1,306,041 

.784 

.781 

.877 

.859 

.693 

.00665 

• 
CO 

"-35    }3 

4,163,458 

4,462,895 

•923 

.830 

•929 

.840 

•784 

.01168 

36-60  >« 

1,024,089 

1,046,949 

1.06 1 

•979 

1. 108 

995 

•974 

•04538 

61-84  {? 

$6,240,667 

$6,815,885 

.918 

.845 

.948 

.869 

.796 

.01 184 

1,867,280 

2,218,178 

.797 

•779 

.874 

.828 

.697 

.00705 

11-40   g 

4,373,387 

4,597,707 

.978 

.875 

.982 

.886 

.843 

.01625 

41-84^ 
2. 

$6,240,667 

$6,815,885 

.918 

.845 

.948 

.869 

.796 

.01 184 

CO 

55 


TABLE 
EXPOSURES  AND    DEATHS 


Years  of 

Mem- 
bership. 

Amount  Exposed. 

Actual  Mor- 
tality. 

Probable  Mortality, 

American. 

Actuaries. 

H'-Cs). 

I 
2 

3 

4 

5 

1-5 

6 

7 
8 

9 

lO 

6-IO 
II 

12 

13 
14 
15 

II-I5 

16 

17 
18 

19 

20 
16-20 

21 
22 

23 
24 
25 

21-25 

Totals 

79,171,620 
59,274,210 

47,537,319 
37,929,604 
31,763,704 

470,672 
500,230 
466,660 
471,092 
378,657 

807,485 
627,905 
523,502 
434,838 
377,002 

851,642 
668,368 

561,389 
469,446 
409,017 

937,794 
727,973 
605,974 
502,955 
435,707 

255,676,457 

27,147,624 
24,042,256 
21,807,974 
19,711,902 
17,770,497 

2,287,311 

349,410 

290,779 
271,430 
266,399 
282,310 

2,770,732 

334,613 
307,691 

290,643 
273,160 

259,039 

2,959,862 

364,727 
336,748 

319,135 
300,803 

285,796 

3,210,403 

386,530 

355,395 
335,646 
315,498 
298,940 

110,480,253 

15,763,610 

14,243,391 

12,722,550 

11,199,674 

9,913,580 

1,460,328 

258,445 
209,645 
157,090 
188,579 
226,439 

1,465,146 

242,550 
228,877 
215,860 
196,913 
183,551 

1,607,209 

268,144 
253,307 
239,039 
218,483 
203,607 

1,692,009 

279,606 
263,616 
248,209 
226,411 
210,515 

63,842,805 

8,338,441 
6,215,383 

4,413,594 
3,136,562 
2,229,117 

1,040,198 

169,020 
118,940 
136,718 

48,350 
85,500 

1,067,751 

158,344 

124,845 

90,602 

67,483 

50,731 

1,182,580 

175,922 

138,563 
100,895 

75,281 

56,495 

1,228,357 

182,786 

141,915 
103,833 

77,293 
57,829 

24,333,097 

1,437,018 
984,597 
654,363 
416,318 

243,285 

558,528 

28,700 
18,380 
10,410 
17,010 
2,000 

492,005 

37,192 

27,945 

21,015 

14,461 

8,185 

547,156 

41,146 

30,744 
22,888 

15,642 
8,916 

563,656 

41,969 
31,251 
23,251 
15,922 
9,067 

3,735,581 

76,500 

108,798 

119,336 
$6,416,143 

121,460 

$458,068,193 

$5,422,865 

$5,904,432 

$6,815,885 

56 


IV. 

BY   YEARS   OF    MEMBERSHIP. 


Ratio  of 

Actual  tc 

>  Probable 

Ratio  of 

Probable 

TO  Actual 

Mortality 

MORTALITV 

Mortality. 

Rate. 

Years  of 

American. 

Actuaries. 

H»(5). 

American. 

Actuaries. 

H-(5). 

Deaths 
Amts.  Exposed. 

Mem- 
bership. 

.583 

•553 

.502 

I.71S 

1.808 

1.992 

•00594 

I 

•797 

.749 

.687 

^•255 

1335 

1.456 

.00844 

2 

.891 

•831 

.770 

1. 122 

1.203 

1.299 

.00982 

3 

1.083 

1.004 

•937 

•923 

.996 

1.067 

.01242 

4 

1.004 

.926 

.869 

.996 

1.080 

1. 151 

.01192 

5 

.826 

.773 

.712 

1. 211 

1.294 

1.404 

.00895 

1-5 

1.044 

.958 

.904 

•958 

1.044 

1. 106 

.01287 

6 

•945 

.864 

.818 

1.058 

1.157 

1.222 

.01209 

7 

•934 

•851 

.809 

1.07 1 

1^175 

1.236 

.01245 

8 

•975 

.886 

•844 

1.026 

1. 129 

1. 185 

•01351 

9 

1.090 

.988 

•944 

.917 

I.OI2 

I  •059 

.01589 

10 

•997 

.909 

.863 

1.003 

1. 100 

1-159 

.01322 

6-10 

1.066 

.964 

.924 

•938 

1-037 

1.082 

.01640 

II 

.916 

.828 

•795 

1.092 

1.208 

1.258 

.01472 

12 

.728 

•657 

.      .633 

1-374 

1.522 

1.580 

•0123s 

13 

.958 

.863 

•833 

1.044 

^•i59 

1.200 

.01684 

14 

1.234 

1. 112 

1.076 

.810 

•899 

.929 

.02284 

15 

•974 

.880 

.847 

1.027 

1. 136 

1. 181 

.01629 

11-15 

1.067 

.961 

•925 

•937 

1.041 

1,081 

.02027 

16 

•953 

•858 

•838 

1.049 

1. 166 

1. 193 

.OT914 

17 

1.509 

1-355 

1317 

•663 

•738 

•759 

.03098 

18 

.716 

.642 

.626 

1397 

^•558 

1597 

.01541 

19 

1.685 

1.513 

1.478 

•593 

.    .661 

.677 

.03836 

20 

1^135 

1.021 

•991 

.881 

•979 

1.009 

.02295 

16-20 

.772 

.698 

.684 

1.295 

1-433 

1.462 

.01997 

21 

.658 

•598 

.588 

1.520 

1.672 

1.701 

.01867 

22 

•495 

•455 

.448 

2.020 

2.198 

2.232 

.01591 

23 

1. 176 

1.087 

1.068 

.850 

.920 

•936 

.04086 

24 

.244 

.224 

.221 

4.098 

4.464 

4-525 

.00822 

25 

•703 

.641 

.630 

1.422 

1.560 

1-587 

.02048 

21-25 

.918 

.845 

.796 

1.089 

I.183 

1.256 

.01184 

Totals 

57 


TABLE   V. 

EXPOSURES    AND    DEATHS    BY    GROUPS    OF    YEARS 
OF  MEMBERSHIP  AND  YEARS  OF  AGE  AT  ISSUE. 


II-I5 

MORTALITY. 

Grouped 
Years  of 

Ratio  Actual  to         [ 

Amount 

Probable 

Mortality. 

Member- 

Exposed. 

PROBABLE. 

ship. 

Actual. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

■ 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

154,430 

1,180 

1,086 

10 

225,605 

1,500 

1,742 

1,615 

.861 

.929 

15 

264,255 

1,500 

2,057 

1,925 

.729 

•779 

20 

269,405 

1,500 

2,101 

1,969 

.714 

.762 

25 

269,405 

1,500 

2,101 

1,969 

.714 

.762 

6-10 

71,175 

1,500 

562 

529 

2.669 

2.836 

15 

109,825 

1,500 

877 

839 

1. 710 

1.788 

20 

"4,975 

1,500 

921 

883 

1.629 

1.699 

25 

"4,975 

1,500 

921 

883 

1.629 

1.699 

11-15 

38,650 

315 

310 

20 

43,800 

359 

354 

25 

43,800 

359 

354 

16-20 

5,150 

44 

44 

25 

5,150 

44 

44 

21-25 

16-20 

I-  5 

2,790,136 

12,000 

21,869 

20,492 

•549 

.586 

10 

3,832,471 

25,000 

30,348 

28,722 

.824 

.870 

15 

4,454,401 

27,750 

35,658 

34,082 

.778 

.814 

20 

4,712,941 

27,750 

38,003 

36,522 

•731 

.760 

25 

4,728,041 

29,750 

38,155 

36,682 

.780 

.811 

6-10 

1,042,335 

13,000 

8,479 

8,230 

1-533 

1.580 

15 

1,664,265 

15,750 

13,789 

13,590 

1. 142 

1-159 

20 

1,922,805 

15,750 

16,134 

16,030 

•976 

•983 

25 

1,937,905 

17,750 

16,286 

16,190 

1.090 

1.096 

11-15 

621,930 

2,750 

5,310 

5,360 

.518 

•513 

20 

880,470 

2,750 

7,655 

7,800 

•359 

•353 

25 

895,570 

4,750 

7,807 

7,960 

.608 

•597 

16—20 

258,540 

2,345 

2,440 

25 

273,640 

2,000 

2,497 

2,600 

.801 

-769 

21-25 

15,100 

2,000 

152 

160 

13.158 

12.500 

— — 

58 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


21-25 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

ACTUAL, 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

23,321,290 

135,965 

188,287 

181,473 

.722 

.749 

10 

32,293,253 

201,215 

264,357 

257,841 

.761 

.780 

15 

37,458,439 

234,400 

311,047 

306,382 

.754 

.765 

20 

39,694,062 

261,515 

333,063 

329,701 

•785 

.793 

25 

40,007,057 

261,515 

336,551 

333,520 

•777 

.784 

6—10 

8,971,963 

65,250 

76,070 

76,368 

.858 

.854 

15 

14,137,149 

98,435 

122,760 

124,909 

.802 

.788 

20 

16,372,772 

125,550 

144,776 

148,228 

.867 

.847 

25 

16,685,767 

125,550 

148,264 

152,047 

.847 

.826 

II-15 

5,165,186 

33,185 

46,690 

48,541 

.711 

.684 

20 

7,400,809 

60,300 

68,706 

71,860 

.878 

•839 

25 

7,713,804 

60,300 

72,194 

75,679 

.835 

•797 

16-20 

2,235,123 

27,115 

22,Ol6 

23,319 

1.232 

1.163 

25 

2,548,618 

27,115 

25,504 

27,138 

1.063 

•999 

21-25 

312,995 

3,488 

3,819 

26-30 

I-  5 

47,947,256 

307,731 

403,212 

402,290 

•763 

.765 

10 

68,350,681 

475,916 

586,354 

592,130 

.812 

.804 

15 

80,560,847 

586,175 

706,322 

719,164 

.830 

.815 

20 

85,303,780 

667,995 

758,933 

776,672 

.880 

.860 

25 

85,997,835 

670,995 

768,310 

787,457 

.873 

.852 

6-10 

20,403,425 

168,185 

183,142 

189,840 

918 

.886 

15 

32,613,591 

278,444 

303,110 

316,874 

.919 

.879 

20 

37,356,524 

360,264 

355,721 

374,382 

1.013 

.962 

25 

38,050,579 

363,264 

365.098 

385,167 

•995 

•943 

H-15 

12,210,166 

110,259 

119,968 

127,034 

.919 

.868 

20 

16,953,099 

192,079 

172,579 

184,542 

1.113 

1.041 

25 

17,647,154 

195,079 

181,956 

195,327 

1.072 

•999 

16-20 

4,742,933 

81,820 

52,611 

57,508 

1-555 

1.423 

25 

5,436,988 

84,820 

61,988 

68,293 

1.368 

1.242 

21-25 

694,05s 

3,000 

9,377 

10,785 

.320 

.278 

59 


T A  B  L  E    V. — Continued. 


31-35 


Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  / 
Probable 

LCtual  to 

PROBABLE. 

Mortality. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  s 

52,759,672 

387,788 

470,664 

486,631 

.824 

•797 

10 

75,984,909 

660,323 

698,332 

727,634 

.946 

.907 

15 

89,473,321 

828,608 

849,390 

893,323 

.976 

.928 

20 

94,796,619 

902,081 

921,498 

976,244 

•979 

.924 

25 

95,501,538 

911,081 

934,170 

990,993 

•975 

.919 

6-10 

23,225,237 

272,535 

227,668 

241,003 

1.197 

1. 131 

15 

36,713,649 

440,820 

378,726 

406,692 

1. 164 

1.084 

20 

42,036,947 

514,293 

450,834 

489,613 

1. 141 

1.050 

25 

42,741,866 

523,293 

463,506 

504,362 

1. 129 

1.038 

II-I5 

13,488,412 

168,285 

151,058 

165,689 

1. 114 

1.016 

20 

18,811,710 

241,758 

223,166 

248,610 

1.083 

•972 

25 

19,516,629 

250,758 

235,838 

263,359 

1.063 

•952 

16—20 

5,323,298 

73,473 

72,108 

82,921 

1.019 

.886 

25 

6,028,217 

81,473 

84,780 

97,770 

.961 

•833 

21-25 

704,919 

9,000 

12,672 

14,749 

.710 

.610 

36-40 


I-  5 

47,247,935 

341,352 

459,827 

486,217 

.742 

.702 

10 

67,673,388 

574,285 

688,491 

736,918 

.834 

•779 

15 

79,824,636 

704,193 

856,359 

930,428 

.822 

.757 

20 

84,696,008 

805,248 

944,458 

1,032,970 

.853 

.780 

25 

85,500,488 

820,248 

964,679 

1,056,036 

.850 

•777 

6-10 

20,425,453 

232,933 

228,664 

250,701 

1.019 

.929 

15 

32,576,701 

362,841 

396,532 

444,211 

•915 

.817 

20 

37,448,073 

463,896 

484,631 

546,753 

•957 

.848 

25 

38,252,553 

478,896 

504,852 

569,819 

•949 

.840 

11-15 

12,151,248 

129,908 

167,868 

193,510 

•773 

.671 

20 

17,022,620 

230,963 

255,967 

296,052 

.902 

.780 

25 

17,827,100 

245,963 

276,188 

319,118 

.892 

.771 

16-20 

4,871,372 

101,055 

88,099 

102,542 

1. 147 

.985 

25 

5,675,852 

116,055 

108,320 

125,608 

1.071 

.924 

21-25 

804,480 

15,000 

20,221 

23,066 

.742 

.650 

60 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


41-45 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

35>883,i2i 

352,707 

397,058 

433,721 

.888 

.813 

10 

51,991,886 

549,647 

618,228 

688,426 

.889 

.798 

15 

61,522,309 

695,117 

793,802 

892,611 

.876 

•779 

20 

65,269,767 

778,112 

888,801 

1,000,911 

.875 

•777 

25 

65,942,287 

805,622 

914,188 

1,028,893 

.881 

.783 

6-10 

16,108,765 

196,940 

221,170 

254,705 

.890 

•773 

15 

25,639,188 

342,410 

396,744 

458,890 

.863 

.746 

20 

29,386,646 

425,405 

491,743 

567,190 

.865 

.750 

25 

30,059,166 

452,915 

517,230 

595,172 

.876 

.761 

11-15 

9,530,423 

145,470 

175,574 

204,185 

.829 

.712 

20 

13,277,881 

228,465 

270,573 

312,485 

.844 

•731 

25 

13,950,401 

255,975 

296,060 

340,467 

.865 

.752 

16-20 

3,747,458 

82,995 

94,999 

108,300 

.874 

.766 

25 

4,419,978 

110,505 

120,386 

136,282 

.918 

.811 

21-25 

67,520 

27,510 

25,387 

27,982 

1.084 

.983 

46-50 

I-  5 

23,069,926 

270,100 

311,180 

357,604 

.868 

•755 

10 

33,513,966 

455,420 

502,088 

579,678 

.907 

.786 

15 

38,981,062 

624,275 

644,228 

741,390 

.969 

.842 

20 

40,875,546 

714,505 

715,315 

819,806 

•999 

.872 

25 

41,235,706 

727,295 

735,813 

841,472 

.988 

.864 

6-10 

10,444,040 

185,320 

190,908 

222,074 

.971 

.834 

15 

15,911,136 

354,175 

333,048 

383,786 

1.063 

.923 

20 

17,805,620 

444,405 

404,135 

462,202 

1. 100 

.961 

25 

18,165,780 

457,195 

424,633 

483,868 

1.077 

•945 

11-15 

5,467,096 

168,855 

142,140 

161,712 

1. 188 

1.044 

20 

7,361,580 

259,085 

213,227 

240,128 

1. 215 

1.079 

25 

7,721,740 

271,875 

233,725 

261,794 

1  163 

1.039 

16—20 

1,894,484 

90,230 

71,087 

78,416 

1.269 

1.151 

25 

2,254,644 

103,020 

91,585 

100,082 

1.125 

1.029 

21-25 

360,160 

12,790 

20,498 

21,666 

.624 

•590 

61 


TABLE    V. — Continued, 


51-55 

* 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

12,885,057 

206,618 

231,695 

269,662 

.892 

.766 

lO 

18,634,579 

353,968 

380,356 

438,874 

•931 

.807 

15 

21,650,797 

507,098 

496,199 

566,399 

1.022 

•895 

20 

22,391,232 

562,518 

538,072 

610,687 

1-045 

.921 

25 

22,515,828 

568,518 

549,247 

622,029 

1-035 

•914 

6-10 

5,749,522 

147,350 

148,661 

169,212 

.991 

.871 

15 

8,765,740 

300,480 

264,504 

296,^^37 

1-136 

1.013 

20 

9,506,175 

355,900 

306,377 

341,025 

1. 162 

1.044 

25 

9,630,771 

361,900 

317,552 

352,367 

1. 140 

1.027 

11-15 

3,016,218 

153,130 

115,843 

127,525 

1.322 

1. 201 

20 

3,756,653 

208,550 

157,716 

171,813 

1.322 

1. 214 

25 

3,881,249 

214,550 

168,891 

183,155 

1.270 

1.171 

16-20 

740,435 

55,420 

41,873 

44,288 

1.324 

1.251 

25 

865,031 

61,420 

53,048 

55,630 

1. 158 

1. 104 

21-25 

124,596 

6,000 

11,175 

11,342 

•537 

.529 

56-60 

I-  5 

7,050,518 

174,100 

182,773 

207,989 

•953 

•837 

10 

10,042,986 

295,850 

299,009 

335,806 

•989 

.881 

15 

11,668,223 

390,225 

395,596 

437,393 

.986 

.892 

20 

12,115,797 

427,570 

434,001 

476,480 

•985 

•897 

25 

12,162,553 

428,770 

439,829 

482,247 

•975 

.889 

6-10 

2,992,468 

121,750 

116,236 

127,817 

1.047 

•953 

15 

4,617,705 

216,125 

212,823 

229,404 

1.016 

.942 

20 

5,065,279 

253,470 

251,228 

268,491 

1.009 

.944 

25 

5,112,035 

254,670 

257,056 

274,258 

.991 

.929 

11-15 

1,625,237 

94,375 

96,587 

101,587 

•977 

•929 

20 

2,072,811 

131,720 

134,992 

140,674 

•976 

•936 

25 

2,119,567 

132,920 

140,820 

146,441 

•944 

.908 

16-20 

447,574 

37,345 

38,405 

39,087 

.972 

.955 

25 

494,330 

38,545 

44,233 

44,854 

.871 

•859 

21-25 

46,756 

1,200 

5,828 

5,767 

.206 

.208 

62 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


61-65 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

ACTUAL. 

PEOBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

2,263,391 

68,950 

85,364 

94,112 

.808 

.733 

10 

3»25o,76i 

"5,515 

143,359 

155,193 

.806 

.744 

15 

3,770,631 

147,371 

188,629 

201,221 

.781 

.732 

20 

3,834,861 

156,446 

196,644 

209,146 

.797 

•748 

25 

3,834,861 

156,446 

196,644 

209,146 

.797 

.748 

6-10 

987,370 

46,565 

57,995 

61,081 

.803 

.762 

15 

1,507,240 

78,421 

103,265 

107,109 

759 

.732 

20 

1,571,470 

87,496 

111,280 

"5,034 

.786 

.761 

25 

1,571,470 

87,496 

111,280 

115,034 

.786 

.761 

11-15 

519,870 

31,856 

45,270 

46,028 

.704 

.692 

.20 

584,100 

40,931 

53,285 

53,953 

.768 

.759 

25 

584,100 

40,931 

53,285 

53,953 

.768 

•759 

16-20 

64,230 

9,075 

8,015 

7,925 

1.132 

1. 145 

25 

64,230 

9,075 

8,015 

7,925 

1.132 

1. 145 

21-25 

66-71 

I-  5 

303,725 

30,000 

17,623 

18,585 

1.702 

1.614" 

10 

362,225 

39,000 

23,214 

24,234 

1.680 

1.609 

15 

370,594 

41,125 

24,342 

.  25,333 

1.689 

1.623 

20 

372,594 

41,125 

24,745 

25,699 

1.662 

1.600 

25 

372,594 

41,125 

24,745 

25,699 

1.662 

1.600 

6-10 

58,500 

9,000 

5,591 

5,649 

1.610 

1-593 

15 

66,869 

11,125 

6,719 

6,748 

1.656 

1.649 

20 

68,869 

11,125 

7,122 

7,"4 

1.562 

1.564 

25 

68,869 

11,125 

7,122 

7,"4 

1.562 

1.564 

11-15 

8,369 

2,125 

1,128 

1,099 

1.884 

1-934 

20 

10,369 

2,125 

1,531 

1,465 

1.388 

1.45 1 

25 

10,369 

2,125 

1,531 

1,465 

1.388 

1.451 

16-20 

2,000 

403 

366 

25 

2,000 

403 

366 

21-25 

63 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


11-20 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality, 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries, 

I-  5 

2,944,566 

12,000 

23,049 

21,578 

•521 

•556 

lO 

4,058,076 

26,500 

32,090 

30,337 

.826 

.874 

15 

4,718,656 

29,250 

37,715 

36,007 

.776 

.8l2 

20 

4,982,346 

29,250 

40,104 

38,491 

.729 

.760 

25 

4,997,446 

31,250 

40,256 

38,651 

.776 

.809 

6-10 

1,113,510 

14,500 

9,041 

8,759 

1.603 

1-655 

15 

1,774,090 

17,250 

14,666 

14,429 

1. 176 

1. 197 

20 

2,037,780 

17,250 

17,055 

16,913 

I. on 

1.020 

25 

2,052,880 

19,250 

17,207 

17,073 

1. 119 

1. 128 

11-15 

660,580 

2,750 

5,625 

5,670 

.489 

.485 

20 

924,270 

2,750 

8,014 

8,154 

•343 

-337 

25 

939,370 

4,750 

8,166 

8,314 

.582 

.571 

16-20 

263,690 

2,389 

2,484 

25 

278,790 

2,000 

2,541 

2,644 

.787 

•756 

21-25 

15,100 

2,000 

152 

160 

13-158 

12.500 

21-30 

I-  5 

71,268,546 

443,696 

591,499 

583,763 

•750 

.760 

10 

100,643,934 

677,131 

850,711 

849,971 

.796 

.798 

15 

118,019,286 

820,575 

1,017,369 

1,025,546 

.807 

.800 

20 

124,997,842 

929,510 

1,091,996 

1,106,373 

.851 

.840 

25 

126,004,892 

932,510 

1,104,861 

1,120,977 

.844 

.832 

6-10 

29,375^388 

233,435 

259,212 

266,208 

901 

.877 

15 

46,750,740 

376,879 

425,870 

441,783 

.885 

-853 

20 

53,729,296 

485,814 

500,497 

522,610 

.971 

.930 

25 

54,736,346 

488,814 

513,362 

537,214 

•953 

.910 

11-15 

17,375,352 

143,444 

166,658 

175,575 

.861 

.817 

20 

24,353,908 

252,379 

241,285 

256,402 

1.046 

.984 

25 

25,360,958 

255,379 

254,150 

271,006 

1.005 

.942 

16-20 

6,978,556 

108,935 

74,627 

80,827 

1.460 

1.348 

25 

7,985,606 

"1,935 

87,492 

95,431 

1.279 

1-173 

21-25 

1,007,050 

3,000 

12,865 

14,604 

•233 

.205 

64 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


31-40 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

100,007,607 

729,140 

930,491 

972,848 

.784 

•749 

10 

143,658,297 

1,234,608 

1,386,823 

1,464,552 

.890 

•843 

15 

169,297,957 

1,532,801 

1,705,749 

1,823,751 

.898 

.840 

20 

179,492,627 

1,707,329 

1,865,956 

2,009,214 

•915 

.850 

25 

181,002,026 

1,731,329 

1,898,849 

2,047,029 

.912 

.846 

6-IO 

43,650,690 

505,468 

456.332 

491,704 

1.108 

1.028 

15 

69,290,350 

803,661 

775,258 

850,903 

1.037 

•945 

20 

79,485,020 

978,189 

935,465 

1,036,366 

1.046 

•944 

25 

80,994,419 

1,002,189 

968,358 

1,074,181 

1035 

•933 

H-15 

25,639,660 

298,193 

318,926 

359,199 

.935 

.830 

20 

35,834,330 

472,721 

479,133 

544,662 

.987 

.868 

25 

37,343,729 

496,721 

512,026 

582,477 

.970 

.853 

16-20 

10,194,670 

174,528 

160,207 

185,463 

1.089 

.941 

25 

11,704,069 

198,528 

193,100 

223,278 

1.028 

.889 

21-25 

1,509,399 

24,000 

32,893 

37,815 

.730 

•635 

41-50 

I-  5 

58,953,047 

622,807 

708,238 

79i»32S 

.879 

.787 

10 

85,505,852 

1,005,067 

1,120,316 

1,268,104 

.897 

•793 

15 

100,503,371 

1,319,392 

1,438,030 

1,634,001 

.917 

.807 

20 

106,145,313 

1,492,617 

1,604,116 

1,820,717 

•930 

.820 

25 

107,177,993 

1,532,917 

1,650,001 

1,870,365 

.929 

.820 

6-10 

26,552,805 

382,260 

412,078 

476,779 

.928 

.802 

15 

41,550,324 

696,585 

729,792 

842,676 

•954 

.827 

^0 

47,192,266 

869,810 

895,878 

1,029,392 

•971 

.845 

25 

48,224,946 

910,110 

941,763 

1,079,040 

.966 

.843 

11-15 

14,997,519 

314,325 

317,714 

365,897 

•989 

.859 

20 

20,639,461 

487,550 

483,800 

552,613 

1.008 

.882 

25 

21,672,141 

527,850 

529,685 

602,261 

•997 

.876 

16-20 

5,641,942 

173,225 

166,086 

186,716 

1043 

.928 

25 

6,674,622 

213,525 

211,971 

236,364 

1.007 

•903 

21-25 

1,032,680 

40,300 

45,885 

49,648 

.878 

.812 

65 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


51-60 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality, 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

19,935.575 

380,718 

414,468 

477,651 

.919 

•797 

10 

28,677,565 

649,818 

679,365 

774,680 

•957 

•839 

15 

33,319,020 

897,323 

891,795 

1,003,792 

1.006 

•894 

20 

34,507,020 

990,088 

972,073 

1,087,167 

1.019 

.911 

25 

34,678,381 

997,288 

989,076 

1,104,276 

1.008 

•903 

6-10 

8,741,990 

269,100 

264,897 

297,029 

i.<5i6 

.906 

15 

13,383,445 

516,605 

477,327 

526,141 

1.082 

.982 

20 

14,571,454 

609,370 

557,605 

609,516 

1.093 

1. 000 

25 

14,742,806 

616,570 

574,608 

626,625 

1.073 

•984 

II-15 

4,641,455 

247,505 

212,430 

229,112 

1.165 

1.080 

20 

5,829,464 

340,270 

292,708 

312,487 

1. 162 

1.089 

25 

6,000,816 

347,470 

309,711 

329,596 

1. 122 

1^054 

16-20 

1,188,009 

92,765 

80,278 

83,375 

1-156 

1. 113 

25 

1,359,361 

99,965 

97,281 

100,484 

1.028 

•995 

21-25 

171,352 

7,200 

17,003 

17,109 

.423 

.421 

61-71 

I-  5 

2,567,116 

98,950 

102,987 

112,697 

.961 

.878 

10 

3,612,986 

154,515 

166,573 

179,427 

.928 

.861 

15 

4,141,225 

188,496 

212,971 

226,554 

.885 

•832 

20 

4,207,455 

197,571 

221,389 

234,845 

.892 

.841 

25 

4,207,455 

197,571 

221,389 

234,845 

.892 

.841 

6-10 

1,045,870 

55,565 

63,506 

66,730 

.874 

•833 

15 

1,574,109 

89,546 

109,984 

113,857 

.814 

.786 

20 

1,640,339 

98,621 

118,402 

122,148 

.833 

.807 

25 

1,640,339 

98,621 

118,402 

122,148 

•833 

.807 

11-15 

528,239 

33,981 

46,398 

47,127 

•732 

.721 

20 

594,469 

43,056 

54,816 

55,418 

•785 

.777 

25 

594,469 

43,056 

54,816 

55,418 

.785 

•777 

16-20 

66,230 

9,075 

8,418 

8,291 

1.078 

1.095 

25 

66,230 

9,075 

8,418 

8,291 

1.078 

1-095 

21-25 

_^ , 

66 


TABLE    V. — Continued, 


11-25 


Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  h 
Probable 

.ctual  to 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

Mortality. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

26,265,856 

147,965 

211,336 

203,051 

.700 

.729 

10 

36,351,329 

227,715 

296,447 

288,178 

.768 

.790 

15 

42,177,095 

263,650 

348,762 

342,389 

.756 

.770 

20 

44,676,408 

290,765 

373,167 

368,192 

•779 

•790 

25 

45,004,503 

292,765 

376,807 

372,171 

'Til 

.787 

6-10 

10,085,473 

79,750 

85,111 

85,127 

•937 

•937 

15 

i5,9".239 

115,685 

137,426 

139*338 

.842 

.830 

20 

18,410,552 

142,800 

161,831 

165,141 

.882 

.865 

25 

18,738,647 

144,800 

165,471 

169,120 

•875 

.856 

11-15 

5*825,766 

35.935 

52,315 

54,211 

.687 

.663 

20 

8,325,079 

63,050 

76,720 

80,014 

.822 

.788 

25 

8,653,174 

65,050 

80,360 

83,993 

.809 

•774 

16-20 

2,499,313 

27,115 

24,405 

25.803 

I. Ill 

1,051 

25 

2,827,408 

29»"5 

28,045 

29,782 

1.038 

.978 

21-25 

328,095 

2,000 

3,640 

3,979 

.549 

•503 

26-40 


1-  5 

147,954,863 

1,036,871 

1,333,703 

1,375,138 

•777 

.754 

10 

212,008,978 

1,710,524 

1,973,177 

•  2,056,682 

.867 

.832 

15 

249,858,804 

2,118,976 

2,412,071 

2,542,915 

.878 

•833 

20 

264,796,407 

2,375,324 

2,624,889 

2,785,886 

•905 

.853 

25 

266,999,861 

2,402,324 

2,667,159 

2,834,486 

.901 

.848 

6-10 

64,054,115 

673,653 

639,474 

681,544 

1-053 

.988 

15 

101,903,941 

1,082,105 

1,078,368 

1,167,777 

1.003 

•927 

20 

116,841,544 

1,338,453 

1,291,186 

1,410,748 

1037 

•949 

25 

119,044,998 

1,365,453 

1,333,456 

1,459,348 

1.024 

•936 

11-15 

37,849,826 

408,452 

438,894 

486,233 

.931 

.840 

20 

52,787,429 

664,800 

651,712 

729,204 

1.021 

.912 

25 

54,990,883 

691,800 

693,982 

777,804 

•997 

.889 

16—20 

14,937,603 

256,348 

212,818 

242,971 

1.205 

105s 

25 

17,141,057 

283,348 

255,088 

291,571 

i.iii 

•972 

21-25 

2,203,454 

27,000 

42,270 

48,600 

•639 

•556 

67 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


41-55 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

APTTTAT 

PROBABLE. 

iW^  X.  U/XJ->* 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American.  Actuaries. 

I-  5 

71,838,104 

829,425 

939,933 

1,060,987 

.882 

782 

10 

104,140,431 

1,359,035 

1,500,672 

1,706,978 

.906 

796 

15 

122,154,168 

1,826,490 

1,934,229 

2,200,400 

•944 

830 

20 

128,536,545 

2,055,135 

2,142,188 

2,431,404 

•959 

845 

25 

129,693,821 

2,101,435 

2,199,248 

2,492,394 

•956 

843 

6-10 

32,302,327 

529,610 

560,739 

645,991 

•944 

820 

IS 

50,316,064 

997,065 

994,296 

1,139,413 

1.003 

875 

20 

56,698,441 

1,225,710 

1,202,255 

1,370,417 

1.020 

894 

25 

57,855,717 

1,272,010 

1,259,315 

1,431,407 

I.OIO 

889 

^11-15 

18,013,737 

467,455 

433,557 

493,422 

1.078 

947 

20 

24,396,114 

696,100 

641,516 

724,426 

1.085 

961 

25 

25,553,390 

742,400 

698,576 

785,416 

1.063 

945 

16-20 

6,382,377 

228,645 

207,959 

231,004 

1.099 

990 

25 

7,539,653 

274,945 

265,019 

291,994 

1.037 

942 

21-25 

1,157,276 

46,300 

57,060 

60,990 

.811 

759 

56-71 

^-  5 

9,617,634 

273,050 

285,760 

320,686 

•956 

851 

10 

13,655,972 

450,365 

465,582 

515,233 

.967 

874 

15 

15,809,448 

578,721 

608,567 

663,947 

•951 

872 

20 

16,323,252 

625,141 

655,390 

711,325 

•954 

879 

25 

16,370,008 

626,341 

661,218 

717,092 

.947 

873 

6-10 

4,038,338 

177,315 

179,822 

194,547 

.986 

911 

15 

6,191,814 

305,671 

322,807 

343,261 

•947 

890 

20 

6,705,618 

352,091 

369,630 

390,639 

•953 

901 

25 

6,752,374 

353,291 

375,458 

396,406 

.941 

891 

11-15 

2,153,476 

128,356 

142,985 

148,714 

.898 

863 

20 

2,667,280 

174,776 

189,808 

196,092 

.921 

891 

25 

2,714,036 

175,976 

195,636 

201,859 

.900 

872 

16-20 

513,804 

46,420 

46,823 

47,378 

.991 

980 

25 

560,560 

47,620 

52,651 

53,145 

.904 

896 

21-25 

46,756 

1,200 

5,828 

5,767 

.206 

208 

68 


TABLE    V. — Continued, 


11-30 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

74,213,112 

455,696 

614,548 

605,341 

.742 

•753 

10 

104,702,010 

703,631 

882,801 

880,308 

•797 

•799 

15 

122,737,942 

849,825 

1,055,084 

1,061,553 

.805 

.801 

20 

129,980,188 

958,760 

1,132,100 

1,144,864 

.847 

.837 

25 

131,002,338 

963,760 

i,i45,"7 

1,159,628 

.842 

•831 

6-10 

30,488,898 

247,935 

268,253 

274,967 

.924 

.902 

15 

48,524,830 

394,129 

440,536 

456,212 

•895 

.864 

20 

55,767,076 

503,064 

517,552 

539,523 

.972 

•932 

25 

56,789,226 

508,064 

530,569 

554,287 

.958 

.917 

11-15 

18,035,932 

146,194 

172,283 

181,245 

.849 

.807 

20 

25,278,178 

255,129 

249,299 

264,556 

1.023 

•964 

25 

26,300,328 

260,129 

262,316 

279,320 

.992 

•931 

16-20 

7,242,246 

108,935 

77,016 

83,311 

1.414 

i^3o8 

25 

8,264,396 

"3,935 

90,033 

98,075 

1.265 

1. 162 

21-25 

1,022,150 

5,000 

13,017 

14,764 

.384 

•339 

31-50 

I-  5 

158,960,654 

1,351,947 

1,638,729 

1,764,173 

.825 

.766 

10 

229,164,149 

2,239,675 

2,507,139 

2,732,656 

.893 

.820 

15 

269,801,328 

2,852,193 

3,143,779 

3,457,752 

.907 

•825 

20 

285,637,940 

3,199,946 

3,470,072 

3.829,931 

.922 

.836 

25 

288,180,019 

3,264,246 

3,548,850 

3,917,394 

.920 

•833 

6-10 

70,203,495 

887,728 

868,410 

968,483 

1.022 

.917 

15 

110,840,674 

1,500,246 

1,505,050 

1,693,579 

•997 

.886      • 

20 

126,677,286 

1,847,999 

1,831,343 

2,065,758 

1.009 

•895 

25 

129,219,365 

1,912,299 

1,910,121 

2,153,221 

1.00 1 

.888 

11-15 

40,637,179 

612,518 

636,640 

725,096 

.962 

.845 

20 

56,473,791 

960,271 

962,933 

1,097,275 

•997 

.875 

25 

59,015,870 

1,024,571 

1,041,711 

1,184,738 

.984 

.865 

16-20 

15,836,612 

347,753 

326,293 

372,179 

1,066 

•934 

25 

18,378,691 

412,053 

405,071 

459,642 

1.017 

.897 

21-25 

2,542,079 

64,300 

78,778 

87,463 

.816 

•735 

69 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


51-71 

Grouped 
Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  Actual  to 
Probable  Mortality. 

ACTUAL. 

PROBABLE. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

22,502,691 

479,668 

517,455 

590,348 

.927 

•813 

10 

32,290,551 

804,333 

845,938 

954,107 

•951 

.843 

15 

37,460,245 

1,085,819 

1,104,766 

1,230,346 

•983 

.883 

20 

38,714,484 

1,187,659 

1,193,462 

1,322,012 

•995 

.898 

25 

38,885,836 

1,194,859 

1,210,465 

1,339,121 

..987 

.892 

6-10 

9,787,860 

324,665 

328,483 

363,759 

.988 

.893 

15 

14,957,554 

606,151 

587,311 

639,998 

1.032 

•947 

20 

16,211,793 

707,991 

676,007 

731,664 

1.047 

.968 

25 

16,383,145 

715,191 

693,010 

748,773 

1.032 

•955 

II-15 

5,169,694 

281,486 

258,828 

276,239 

1.088 

1. 019 

20 

6,423,933 

383,326 

347,524 

367,905 

1. 103 

1.042 

25 

6,595,285 

390,526 

364,527 

385,014 

1. 071 

1.014 

16-20 

1,254,239 

101,840 

88,696 

91,666 

1. 148 

I. Ill 

25 

1,425,591 

109,040 

105,699 

108,775 

1.032 

1.002 

21-25 

171,352 

7,200 

17,003 

17,109 

•423 

.421 

11-35 

I-  5 

126,972,784 

843,484 

1,085,212 

1,091,972 

•777 

•772 

10 

180,686,919 

1,363,954 

1,581,133 

1,607,942 

.863 

.848 

15 

212,211,263 

1,678,433 

1,904,474 

1,954,876 

.881 

.859 

20 

224,776,807 

1,860,841 

2,053,598 

2,121,108 

.906 

.877 

25 

226,503,876 

1,874,841 

2,079,287 

2,150,621 

.902 

.872 

6-10 

53,714,135 

520,470 

495,921 

515,970 

1.050 

1.009 

15 

85,238,479 

834,949 

819,262 

862,904 

1. 019 

.968 

20 

97,804,023 

1,017,357 

968,386 

1,029,136 

1.05 1 

.989 

25 

99,531,092 

1,031,357 

994,075 

1,058,649 

1.038 

•974 

11-15 

31,524,344 

314,479 

323,341 

346,934 

•973 

.906 

20 

44,089,888 

496,887 

472,465 

513,166 

1.052 

.968 

25 

45,8x6,957 

510,887 

498,154 

542,679 

1.026 

.941 

16-20 

12,565,544 

182,408 

149,124 

166,232 

1.223 

1.097 

25 

14,292,613 

196,408 

174,813 

195,745 

1. 124 

1.003 

21-25 

1,727,069 

14,000 

25,689 

29,513 

•545 

•474 

70 


TABLE    V. — Continued. 


36-71 


Grouped 

Amount 
Exposed. 

MORTALITY. 

Ratio  A 
Probable 

ctual  to 

Years  of 
Member- 
ship. 

ACTUAL. 

PKOBABLE. 

Mortality. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

I-  5 

128,703,673 

1,443,827 

1,685,520 

1,867,890 

.857 

.773 

10 

185,469,791 

2,383,685 

2,654,745 

2,959.129 

.898 

.806 

15 

217,788,252 

3,109,404 

3.399.155 

3.794,775 

•915 

.819 

20 

229,555,805 

3,485,524 

3,742,036 

4,175.699 

.931 

.835 

25 

231,564,317 

3,548,024 

3,825,145 

4.265,522 

.928 

.832 

6—10 

56,766,118 

939,858 

969,225 

1,091,239 

.970 

.861 

15 

89,084,579 

1,665,577 

1,713,635 

1,926,885 

•972 

.864 

20 

100,852,132 

2,041,697 

2,056,516 

2,307,809 

•993 

.885 

25 

102,860,644 

2,104,197 

2,139.625 

2,397,632 

.983 

.878 

11-15 

32,318,461 

725,719 

744,410 

835.646 

.975 

.868 

20 

44,086,014 

1,101,839 

1,087,291 

1,216,570 

1.013 

.906 

25 

46,094,526 

1,164,339 

1,170,400 

1.306,393 

.995 

.891 

16-20 

",767,553 

376,120 

342,881 

380,924 

1.097 

.987 

25 

13,776,065 

438,620 

425,990 

470,747 

1.030 

•932 

21-25 

2,008,512 

• 

62,500 

83,109 

89,823 

.752 

.696 

71 


TABLE   VI. 

MORTALITY  TABLE  CONSTRUCTED    FROM    EXPERI- 
ENCE,  1860-1885.      UNADJUSTED. 


Age. 
10 

I. 

t4 

I. 

Age. 
48 

4 

d. 

d. 
I. 

100,000 

676 

.006760 

75,269 

1,099 

.014606 

II 

99*324 

674 

.006786 

49 

74,170 

900 

,012128 

12 

98,650 

672 

.006812 

50 

73,270 

736 

.010047 

13 

97,978 

671 

.006848 

51 

72,534 

563 

.007764 

14 

97,307 

671 

,006896 

52 

71,971 

983 

.013653 

15 

96,636 

671 

.006943 

53 

70,988 

1,123 

.015824 

16 

95,965 

672 

.007003 

54 

69,865 

1,307 

,0187x0 

17 

95,293 

673 

.007062 

55 

68,558 

1,2X2 

.017668 

18 

94,620 

392 

.004141 

56 

67,346 

1,059 

.015735 

19 

94,228 

1,146 

.012161 

57 

66,287 

1,244 

.018768 

20 

93,082 

439 

.004720 

58 

65,043 

1,609 

.024739 

21 

92,643 

264 

.002846 

59 

63,434 

1,383 

.02x796 

22 

92,379 

268 

.002903 

60 

62,051 

1,854 

,029881 

23 

92,111 

828 

.008992 

61 

60,197 

1,776 

,029498 

24 

91,283 

523 

.005733 

62 

58,421 

2,526 

.043239 

25 

90,760 

408 

.004489 

63 

55,895 

1,863 

.033333 

26 

90,352 

569 

.006297 

64 

54,032 

2,543 

,047065 

27 

89,783 

635 

.007077 

65 

51,489 

1,653 

.032094 

28 

89,148 

507 

.005682 

66 

49,836 

2,430 

.048775 

29 

88,641 

439 

.004954 

67 

47,406 

2,494 

.052599 

30 

88,202 

597 

.006765 

68 

44,912 

4,514 

,100504 

31 

87,605 

560 

•006394 

69 

40,398 

2,306 

.057100 

32 

87,045 

596 

.006850 

70 

38,092 

1,939 

.050889 

33 

86,449 

574 

.006644 

71 

36,153 

1,394 

•038556 

34 

85,875 

801 

.009324 

72 

34,759 

1,570 

.045172 

35 

85,074 

602 

.007075 

73 

33,189 

2,141 

.064503 

36 

84,472 

485 

.005747 

74 

31,048 

586 

.018868 

37 

83,987 

687 

.008173 

75 

30,462 

3,189 

.104705 

38 

83,300 

500 

.006008 

76 

27,273 

473 

•017339 

39 

82,800 

735 

.008869 

77 

26,800 

4,230 

.157834 

40 

82,065 

787 

.009594 

78 

22,570 

3,842 

,170214 

41 

81,278 

836 

.010291 

79 

18,728 

3,813 

"  .203589 

42 

80,442 

740 

.009198 

80 

14,915 

2,417 

,162088 

43 

79,702 

1,053 

.013202 

81 

12,498 

1,893 

•151436 

44 

78,649 

687 

.008735 

82 

10,605 

1,730 

.163194 

45 

77,962 

925 

.011874 

83 

8,875 

1,562 

,175912 

46 

77,037 

948 

,012299 

84 

7,313 

1,387 

.X89678 

47 

76,089 

820 

.010780 

72 


TABLE    VII. 


GRADUATED    MORTALITY  TABLE    CONSTRUCTED 
FROM    EXPERIENCE.   1860-1885. 


Age. 

i. 

<i. 

log/. 

log<. 

d 
log  — 

10 

100,000 

548 

.005480 

5.000  0000 

2.738  7806 

3-738  7552 

II 

99,452 

546 

.005488 

4-997  6135 

•737  0335 

•739  4056 

12 

98,906 

544 

.005499 

•995  2236 

•735  5191 

•740  2771 

13 

98,362 

542 

•005513 

.992  8288 

•734  1595 

•741  3979 

14 

97,820 

541 

•005531 

•990  4280 

•733  2775 

•742  7961 

15 

97,279 

540 

•005553 

•988  0192 

•732  5546 

•744  4998 

16 

96,739 

540 

•005579 

•985  6009 

•732   1524 

•746  5371 

17 

96,199 

540 

.005610 

•983   1712 

.732  0719 

•748  9365 

18 

95,659 

540 

.005646 

.980  7279 

•732  4742 

•751   7255 

19 

95,119 

541 

.005688 

.978  2690 

•733  2775 

•754  9325 

20 

94,578 

542 

.005732 

•975  7917 

•734  0794 

•758  3166 

21 

94,036 

543 

.005780 

•973  2952 

•735  1995 

.761  9587 

22 

93,493 

546 

.005836 

•970  7777 

•736  8744 

.766  0978 

23 

92,947 

548 

•005895 

.968  2358 

•738  7013 

.770  4931 

24 

92,399 

551 

.005960 

.965  668i 

.740  9151 

•775  2227 

25 

91,848 

554 

.006032 

.963  0720 

•743  5098 

.780  4420 

26 

91,294 

558 

.006110 

.960  4444 

•746  5564 

.786  0672 

27 

90,737 

562 

•006198 

•957  7827 

•749  9681 

•792  2487 

28 

90,174 

567 

.006293 

.955  0826 

•753  9659 

.798  8240 

29 

89,607 

573 

.006398 

•952  3410 

.758  3819 

.806  0148 

30 

89,033 

580 

.006512 

.949  5535 

.763  2782 

•813  7327 

31 

88,454 

587 

.006639 

.946  7160 

.768  8600 

.822  1137 

32 

87,866 

596 

.006779 

.943  8231 

•774  9547 

.831   1391 

35 

87,271 

605 

.006931 

.940  8690 

.781  6836 

.840  7892 

34 

86,666 

615 

.007099 

.937  8485 

.789  0163 

.851   1844 

35 

86,051 

627 

-007284 

•934  7544 

.797   1290 

.862  3655 

36 

85,424 

640 

.007487 

•931  5794 

•805  9085 

.874  2984 

37 

84,784 

654 

•007709 

.928  3156 

•815  3120 

.887  0154 

38 

84,131 

669 

•007954 

.924  9546 

•825  5559 

.900  6073 

39 

83,461 

686 

•008224 

.921  4864 

•836  5773 

■915  0893 

40 

82,775 

705 

•008521 

.917  9000 

•848  3739 

.930  4699 

41 

82,070 

726 

.008845 

.914  1836 

•860  8768 

.946  6918 

42 

81,344 

748 

.009202 

.910  3252 

.874  1918 

•963  8743 

43 

80,595 

773  1 

•009595 

.906  3103 

.888  3480 

.982  0607 

44 

79,822 

800 

.010027 

.902   1231 

•903  3071 

2.001   1739 

45 

79,022 

830  1 

.010500 

.897  7464 

.918  9211 

.021   1936 

46 

78,192 

862 

.011022 

.893  1622 

•935  4569 

.042  2487 

47 

77,330 

896 

•011593 

.888  3488 

•952  5503 

.064  2009 

48 

76,434 

934  i 

•012221 

.883  2846 

.970  3469 

.087   1 1 40 

49 

75,500 

975  j 

.012912 

.877  9444 

.988  9601 

.110  9927 

50 

74,525 

1,019  ! 

1 

.013669 

.872  3003 

3.008  0463 

•135  7508 

. 

log  -^  is  log  q  .     I    \s  the   nearest  whole  number  (the  decimals  being  omitted)  corresponding 

X 

with  log  l^ .    log  d^  is  log  of  actual  d^  (/^  ~  (r  +  i»  ^^^S  ^^  decimals  which  are  omitted  in  the  table). 

73 


TABLE    VW— Continued. 


Age. 

K 

d. 

d 

X 

T 

X 

log^. 

\ogd^ 

log  — 

51 

73,506 

1,066 

.014502   4 

866  3229    3 

027  7572 

2.I6I  4367 

52 

72,440 

1,117 

.015417 

859  9786 

047  9754 

.188  0103 

53 

71,323 

1,171 

.016421 

853  2309 

068  6311 

.215  4005 

54 

70,152 

1,229 

.017524 

846  0402 

089  6579 

.243  6213 

55 

68,923 

1,291 

.018734 

838  3622 

no  9935 

.272  6203 

56 

67,631 

1,357 

.020063 

830  1489 

132  5478 

.302  3921 

57 

66,275 

1,426 

.021522 

821  3472 

154  2413 

•332  8789 

58 

64,848 

1,499 

.023122 

811  8982 

175  9175 

.364  0153 

59 

63,349 

1,576 

.024878 

801  7386 

197  5562 

•395  8170 

60 

61,773 

1,656 

.026804 

790  7976 

218  9816 

.428  2078 

61 

60,117 

1,738 

.028918 

778  9978 

240  1747 

.461  1703 

62 

58,379 

1,824 

.031237 

766  2537 

260  9296 

•494  6650 

63 

56,555 

1,910 

•033778 

752  4713 

281  1016 

.528  6389 

64 

54,645 

1,998 

.036562 

737  5482 

300  5737  ■ 

•563  0330 

65 

52,647 

2,086 

.039616 

721  3720 

319  2518 

•597  8705 

(y^ 

50,561 

2,172 

.042960 

703  8169 

336  8798 

•633  0625 

67 

48,389 

2,256 

.046622 

684  7470 

353  3198 

.668  5866 

68 

46,133 

2,336 

.050629 

664  0122 

368  4171 

•704  4005 

69 

43,797 

2,410 

•055017 

641  4482 

381  9450 

.740  4999 

70 

41,388 

2,476 

•059817 

616  8722 

393  6980 

.776  8222 

71 

38,912 

2,^32 

.065061 

590  0846 

403  4122 

.813  3186 

72 

36,380 

2,575 

•070794 

560  8678 

410  8616 

.849  9962 

73 

33,805 

2,605 

.077052 

528  9798 

415  7577 

.886  7854 

74 

31,200 

2,617 

.083884 

494  1571 

417  8369 

.923  6816 

75 

28,583 

2,611 

.091336 

456  1075 

416  7570 

.960  6423 

76 

25,972 

2,583 

•099457 

414  5108 

412  1412 

-•997  6343 

77 

23,389 

2,533 

.108295 

369  0152 

403  6180 

1.034  6092 

78 

20,856 

2,459 

.117909 

319  2365 

390  7939 

.071  5455 

79 

18,397 

2,361 

.128358 

264  7499 

373  1696 

.108  4240 

80 

16,036 

2,240 

•139695 

205  0881 

350  2674 

.145  1815 

81 

13,796 

2,097 

•151985 

139  7405 

321  5363 

.181  7996 

82 

11,699 

1,934 

.165295 

068  1441 

286  4116 

.218  2594 

83 

9,765 

1,755 

.179677   3 

989  6771 

244  1781 

•254  4928 

84 

8,010 

1,563 

.195192 

903  6620 

194  0979 

.290  4623 

85 

6,447 

1,366 

.211922 

809  3543 

135  5461 

.326  1767 

86 

5,081 

1,168 

.229876 

705  9235 

067  4057 

.361  4936 

87 

3,913 

975 

.249174 

592  4841    2 

989  0046 

.396  5028 

88 

2,938 

793 

.269792 

468  0235 

899  0541 

.431  0289 

89 

2,145 

626 

.291784 

331  4700 

796  5050 

.465  0616 

90 

1,519 

479 

•315199 

181  6358 

680  2448 

•498  5844 

91 

1,040 

354 

•340037 

017  2002 

548  7578 

•531  5256 

92 

687 

252 

.366470   2 

836  7198 

400  7106 

.564  0386 

93 

435 

171 

•393830 

638  4870 

233  7574 

"  ^595  3084 

94 

264 

112 

.424582 

421  0814 

049  2180 

.627  9613 

95 

152 

70 

.461981 

181  0648    I 

845  7180 

.664  6238 

96 

82 

42 

•510413   I 

911  8624 

619  0933 

.707  9220 

97 

40 

23 

.576080 

601  6923 

363  6120 

.760  4824 

98 

17 

II 

.668238 

228  9762 

053  0784 

.824  9313 

99 

6 

4 

.801484   0 

749  8028    0 

653  2125 

.903  8951 

100 

I 

I 

1.000000 

047  5983 

047  5983 

0.000  0000 

74 


TABLE   VIII. 

RATIO   OF    OTHER    MORTALITY   TABLES   TO 
WASHINGTON'S  GRADUATED. 


Age. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

Mutual. 

Mutual 
Benefit. 

30 

OflSces. 

H», 

H«(5). 

Washington 
Actual, 

15 
16 

17 
18 

1.369 

1.264 

1.082 

1. 184 

.849 

.965 

.733 

19 

1.365 

1.267 

1.077 

1. 181 

I.OIO 

1. 181 

2.138 

20 

1.362 

1.272 

1.072 

1. 180 

1,104 

1.453 

.823 

21 

1-359 

1.276 

1.067 

1. 178 

1. 163 

1.671 

.492 

22 

1-355 

1,279 

1. 06 1 

I-I75 

1.173 

1.762 

•497 

23 

1-350 

1.283 

1-055 

1.172 

1. 147 

1.817 

1-525 

24 

1-344 

1.286 

1.048 

1.170 

1. 114 

1.816 

.962 

25 

1-337 

1.288 

1.041 

1.096 

1. 166 

1.099 

1.742 

•744 

26 

1-330 

1. 291 

1-034 

1. 09 1 

1.164 

1.094 

1.647 

1.031 

27 

1323 

1.292 

1.026 

1.085 

1.160 

1,114 

1.604 

1.142 

28 

1-313 

1.293 

I.018 

1.078 

1.156 

1,140 

1.542 

.903 

29 

1-304 

1.293 

1.009 

1.072 

1. 154 

1,162 

1.478 

.774 

30 

1.294 

1.294 

1. 000 

1.066 

1.149 

1.186 

1.413 

1.039 

31 

1.282 

1.292 

.991 

1-059 

I-145 

1,192 

1.382 

.963 

32 

1.270 

1.290 

.981 

1.051 

1. 140 

I-I95 

1.366 

1,010 

33 

1.258 

1.287 

-971 

1.044 

1.136 

1-195 

1331 

•959 

34 

1.244 

1.281 

.961 

1.036 

1. 131 

1.198 

1.328 

1.313 

35 

1.228 

1275 

•950 

1.028 

1. 127 

1.205 

1.373 

.971 

36 

1. 214 

1.267 

-940 

1.020 

1.121 

1,217 

1.382 

,768 

37 

1. 198 

1-257 

-929 

1,012 

1. 114 

1.228 

1,388 

1.060 

38 

1.183 

1.245 

.918 

1.004 

I.IIO 

1.230 

1.391 

.755 

39 

1. 166 

1.232 

.907 

.996 

1.104 

1.226 

1.361 

1,078 

40 

1. 149 

1. 216 

.897 

.988 

1,098 

1.209 

1.328 

1,126 

41 

1. 131 

1.200 

.886 

.980 

1.091 

1,186 

1.279 

1.163 

42 

1. 114 

1. 184 

.876 

.972 

1.087 

1,166 

1.258 

1.000 

43 

1.096 

1. 173 

.866 

.964 

1.079 

1. 160 

1.234 

1.376 

44 

1.080 

1.167 

-857 

•957 

1-073 

1.152 

1.222 

.871 

45 

1.063 

1.163 

.848 

•950 

1.067 

1. 161 

1.233 

1.131 

46 

1.049 

1. 165 

-839 

.943 

1.060 

1.174 

1.239 

1. 116 

47 

1035 

1.166 

.832 

-937 

1055 

1. 182' 

1.242 

.930 

75 


TABLE   Vin.—Contmued. 


Age. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

Mutual. 

Mutual 
Benefit. 

30 
Offices. 

H-". 

HH'Cs). 

Washington 
Actual. 

48 

1.024 

1. 167 

.825 

■9i^ 

1.049 

1. 182 

1-253 

I-195 

49 

I.015 

1. 166 

.818 

•925 

1.042 

1. 179 

1.260 

-939 

50 

1.008 

1. 166 

•813 

.921 

1-037 

1,167 

1.252 

.735 

51 

1.003 

1. 165 

.808 

.916 

1.031 

I.149 

1.242 

-535 

52 

.998 

1. 164 

.805 

•913 

1.026 

1.138 

1.219 

.886 

53 

•995 

1.163 

.802 

.910 

1.020 

I-I33 

1.213 

.964 

54 

•993 

^•159 

.800 

.907 

1.015 

1.126 

I-I95 

1.068 

55 

.991 

1. 156 

.800 

.906 

I.OIO 

1.123 

1.184 

-943 

56 

.991 

^•153 

.800 

•905 

1.005 

1.119 

1.172 

.784 

57 

.991 

1. 147 

.801 

.904 

1.002 

1.115 

1. 165 

.872 

58 

.992 

1. 141 

.804 

•905 

•997 

1.108 

1.149 

1.070 

59 

•994 

^•135 

.807 

.905 

•993 

1.107 

1.140 

.876 

60 

.996 

1. 132 

.811 

.908 

•990 

1.107 

I-I43 

1.114 

61 

•999 

1. 128 

.816 

.910 

.987 

1.108 

1.138 

1.020 

62 

1.002 

1.124 

.822 

.913 

•983 

1.109 

I-I39 

1.384 

63 

1.005 

1. 120 

.829 

.917 

.980 

1.110 

1. 140 

.987 

64 

1.009 

1. 117 

•837 

.921 

.978 

1.105 

1.141 

1.287 

65 

1.013 

1. 113 

.846 

.926 

•975 

1.096 

1.126 

,810 

66 

1. 017 

1. 108 

•855 

•932 

•973 

1.084 

1. 114 

I-I35 

67 

1.022 

1. 104 

.866 

.938 

•971 

1.070 

1.093 

1.128 

68 

1.027 

1.099 

.876 

•945 

.969 

1.051 

1^075 

1.985 

69 

1.032 

1.092 

.888 

•952 

.968 

1.042 

1.056 

1.038 

70 

1.036 

1.086 

.900 

.960 

.966 

1.040 

1.050 

-851 

71 

1.040 

1.078 

•913 

.969 

•965 

1.046 

1-054 

•593 

72 

1.042 

1.071 

.926 

.978 

.964 

1059 

1.067 

.638 

73 

1. 041 

1.063 

.940 

.988 

.962 

1-075 

1.083 

-837 

74 

1.037 

^•o55 

•954 

•999 

.962 

1.087 

l.IOO 

.225 

75 

1-033 

1.046 

.969 

1,010 

.961 

1.077 

1.089 

1.146 

76 

1.029 

1.037 

.984 

1.022 

.960 

1.070 

1.087 

.174 

77 

1.026 

1.029 

1. 000 

i^o35 

.960 

1.059 

1.066 

1-457 

78 

1.025 

1. 021 

1. 016 

1.049 

-959 

i^o45 

1-057 

1.444 

79 

1.026 

1.013 

1.032 

1.063 

.960 

1.037 

1.051 

1.586 

80 

1.034 

1.005 

1.048 

1.079 

.960 

1-035 

1.043 

1.160 

76 


TABLE    IX. 
NET  ANNUAL  PREMIUMS   AND  i  +  a^   BY  AMERICAN, 
ACTUARIES,     AND     WASHINGTON'S    ex.    4^    COM- 
PARED. 


1 

Net  Annual  Premium  for  $10,000. 

Present  Value  of  an  Annuity  of  $i. 

Life  Policies.  Continued  Premiums, 

First  Payment  Immediate,  i  +  a 

Age. 

^ 

Washington's. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

Washington  'S. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

25 

$130-93 

$142.11 

$147-22 

$19.3969 

$18.9854 

$18.8027 

26 

134.89 

145-70 

151.29 

19.2489 

18.8568 

18.6598 

27 

13907 

149.48 

155-57 

19.0956 

18.7233 

18.5122 

28 

14346 

153-46 

160.05 

18.9368 

18.5846 

18.3597 

29 

148.08 

157.67 

164.77 

18.7724 

18.4404 

18.2023 

30 

15295 

162. II 

169.72 

18.6023 

18.2906 

18.0396 

31 

158.09 

166.80 

174.92 

18.4264 

18.1351 

17.8718 

32 

163.49 

171.76 

180.40 

18.2446 

17.9735 

17.6985 

33 

169.19 

177.00 

186.16 

18.0567 

17.8056 

17.5196 

34 

175-21 

182.55 

192.25 

17.8628 

17.6316 

17.3350 

35 

181.55 

188.42 

198.66 

17.6627 

17.4510 

17.1444 

36 

188.24 

194.64 

205.44 

17.4564 

17.2634 

16.9475 

37 

195-31 

201.24 

212.60 

17.2437 

17.0691 

16.7443 

38 

202.77 

208.24 

220.18 

17.0247 

16.8676 

16.5342 

39 

210.65 

215.66 

228.23 

16.7993 

16.6591 

16.3172 

40 

218.97 

223.54 

236.77 

16.5676 

16.4431 

16.0929 

41 

227.78 

231.92 

245.86 

16.3294 

16.2196 

15.8610 

42 

237.09 

240.84 

25554 

16.0848 

15.9884 

15.6212 

43 

246.85 

250.33 

265.85 

15.8399 

15-7494 

15.3736 

44 

257.37 

260.44 

276.82 

15.5768 

15-5025 

15.1186 

45 

268.41 

271.22 

288.45 

15-3134 

15-2477 

.14.8571 

46 

280.11 

282.73 

300.80 

150439 

14.9849 

14.5896 

47 

292.51 

294.99 

313-85 

14.7684 

14.7144 

14.3170 

48 

30565 

308.09 

327.67 

14.4871 

14.4362 

14.0394 

49 

319.60 

322.07 

342.27 

14.2001 

14.1506 

13.7571 

50 

334.41 

336-97 

357.75 

13.9077 

13.8583 

13.4703 

51 

350.14 

352.87 

374-15 

13.6100 

13.5595 

13.1792 

52 

366.84 

369.84 

391-51 

13.3074 

13.2546 

12.8841 

53 

384.61 

38794 

409.96 

13.0002 

12.9440 

12.5853 

54 

403-50 

407.28 

42950 

12.6885 

12  6280 

12.2832 

55 

423.60 

427.92 

450.25 

12.3729 

12.3072 

11-9779 

56 

44501 

449-97 

472.30 

12.0536 

11.9820 

11.6698 

57 

467.82 

473-53 

495.71 

11.7311 

11.6530 

11-3593 

58 

492.13 

498.72 

520.67 

11.4058 

11.3207 

11.0463 

59 

518.06 

525-68 

547.24 

11.0782 

10.9855 

10.7313 

60 

545-72 

554-52 

575-56 

10.7488 

10.6481 

10.4149 

61 

575-27 

585-39 

605.72 

10.4179 

10.3092 

10.0977 

62 

606.82 

618.44 

637-82 

10.0863 

9.9695 

9.7805 

63 

640.55 

653.85 

671.99 

9-7545 

9.6296 

9.4641 

64 

676.62 

691.80 

708.41 

9-4230 

9.2901 

9.1489 

65 

715.22 

732.48 

747.18 

9.0923 

8.9518 

8-8355 

66 

8.7632 

8.6156 

8.5248 

67 

8.4361 

8.2823 

8.2170 

68 

• 

8.1117 

7-9525 

7-9130 

69 

7.7906 

7.6272 

7-6130 

70 

7.4734 

7-3070 

7-3172 

77 


TABLE    IX. — Continued. 


NET   ANNUAL   PREMIUMS   FOR 

$10,000. 

Life  Policies — 10  Annual  Payments. 

Life  Policies — 20  Annual  Payments. 

Age. 

Washiiigton"^. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

Washington's 

American. 

Actuaries. 

25 

309.04 

331.00 

339.41 

189.75 

204.58 

209.96 

26 

316.10 

337.17 

346.35 

194.23 

208.50 

214.41 

27 

323.43 

343.59 

353.52 

198.90 

212.58 

219.01 

28 

331.04 

350.27 

360.94 

203.76 

216.84 

223.80 

29 

338.94 

357.22 

368.63 

208.83 

221.30 

228.78 

30 

347.13 

364.45 

376.58 

214.10 

225.94 

23395 

31 

355.63 

371.98 

384.80 

219.60 

230.80 

23932 

32 

364.44 

379.81 

393-31 

225.33 

235-8r 

244.91 

33 

373-57 

387.97 

402.10 

231.31 

241.19 

250.74 

34 

383.04 

396.45 

411.20 

237.54 

246.74 

256.81 

35 

392.85 

405.28 

420.62 

244.04 

252.56 

263.16 

z(> 

403.01 

414.48 

430.38 

250.82 

258.67 

269.79 

37 

413.54 

424.04 

440.50 

257.90 

265.07 

276.74 

38 

424.44 

434.00 

451.01 

265.29 

271.79 

284.03 

39 

435.73 

444.36 

461.95 

273.01 

278.85 

291.70 

40 

447.41 

455.14 

473.35 

281.08 

286.28 

299.79 

41 

459.51 

466.36 

485.26 

289.53 

294.10 

308.38 

42 

472.04 

478.06 

497.72 

298.37 

302.36 

317.37 

43 

484.64 

490.26 

510.78 

307.63 

311.07 

326.94 

44 

498.42 

502.99 

524-40 

317.35 

320.29 

337.07 

45 

512.31 

516.26 

538.58 

327.54 

330.05 

347-73 

46 

526.69 

530.12 

553-31 

338.25 

340.40 

359-00 

47 

541.58 

544.58 

568.51 

349-43 

351.38 

370.81 

48 

557.01 

559.69 

584.26 

361.39 

36305 

383-25 

49 

572.99 

575-45 

600.54 

373.92 

375.46 

39635 

50 

589.56 

591.89 

617.42 

387.14 

388.65 

410.18 

51 

606.74 

609.02 

634.88 

401.12 

402.68 

424.79 

52 

624.57 

626.87 

652.97 

415.94 

417.63 

440.23 

53 

643.09 

645-50 

671.72 

431.66 

433.58 

456-64 

54 

662.34 

664.94 

691.17 

448.36 

450-63 

473-99 

55 

682.36 

685.24 

711.40 

466.14 

468.85 

492.40 

56 

703.22 

706.47 

732.48 

485.10 

488.37 

512.02 

57 

724.43 

728.69 

754.43 

505-34 

509.29 

532-93 

58 

747.68 

751-98 

777.45 

527.00 

531.75 

555-32 

59 

771.44 

776-44 

801.51 

550-20 

555.86 

579-25 

60 

796.34 

802.16 

826.83 

575-09 

581.81 

604.89 

61 

822.46 

829.27 

853.39 

62 

849.94 

857-89 

881.32 

(^l 

878.90 

888.16 

910.68 

64 

909.49 

920.27 

941.64 

65 

941.87 

954-37 

974.29 

78 


TABLE    IX. — Continued. 


NET   ANNUAL   PREMIUMS   FOR 

$10,000. 

Age. 

10  Year  Endowment  Policies. 

20  Year  Endowment  Policies. 

Washington*'. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

Washington's. 

American. 

Actuaries. 

25 

832.25 

842.25 

841.48 

362.54 

373-65 

373-83 

26 

832.77 

842.64 

842.21 

363-41 

374.28 

37482 

27 

83333 

843.05 

842.89 

364.37 

374-95 

375-87 

28 

83396 

843.49 

843.70 

365-43 

375-68 

377.01 

29 

834.65 

843.98 

844.49 

366.59 

376.49 

378.17 

30 

835-41 

844.50 

845.36 

367-87 

377.38 

379-51 

31 

836.24 

84507 

846.30 

369.27 

378.36 

380.88 

32 

837.16 

845-70 

847.14 

370.81 

379.45 

382.46 

33 

838.16 

846.39 

848.23 

372.51 

380.66 

384.14 

34 

83927 

847-13 

849.26 

374.38 

382.00 

38594 

35 

840.49 

847.95 

850.32 

376.43 

38350 

388.01 

36 

841.82 

848.87 

851.49 

378.68 

385-18 

390.24 

37 

843.29 

849.88 

852.76 

381.16 

387-07 

392.76 

38 

844.92 

851.00 

85423 

383.89 

389.19 

395-51 

39 

846.70 

852.24 

855-84 

386.88 

391-56 

398.71 

40 

848.66 

853-62 

857.59 

390.18 

394-23 

402.16 

41 

850.81 

855-16 

859-72 

39380 

397.22 

405.98 

42 

85318 

856.91 

862.29 

397.78 

400.60 

410.47 

43 

85515 

858.90 

865.13 

402.16 

404.40 

415-30 

44 

858.66 

861.16 

868.37 

406.98 

408.67 

420.78 

45 

861.81 

863.73 

872.02 

412.28 

413-47 

426.78 

46 

865.28 

866.67 

876.15 

418.10 

418.87 

433-42 

47 

869.10 

870.00 

880.61 

424.39 

424.91 

44064 

48 

873.30 

873.78 

885.47 

431-54 

431-67 

448.51 

49 

87793 

878.05 

890.73 

439-28 

439.22 

457-10 

50 

883.02 

882.84 

896.56 

447-78 

447.63 

466.49 

51 

888.62 

888.20 

902.93 

457-13 

456.97 

476.80 

52 

894.79 

894.17 

909-73 

467.41 

467.34 

488.10 

53 

901.58 

900.84 

917.28 

478.71 

478.83 

500.30 

54 

909.07 

908.27 

925-49 

491.12 

491.57 

513-70 

55 

917.31 

916.53 

934.48 

504-76 

505.65 

528.40 

56 

926.39 

925.72 

944.35 

519-74 

521.19 

544.37 

57 

93569 

935-94 

955-14 

536.19 

538.33 

561.82 

58 

947.41 

947.29 

967.41 

554.25 

557-19 

580.90 

59 

95956 

959-91 

979.91 

574.06 

577-95 

601.74 

60 

972.96 

973-93 

994.70 

595-79 

600.74 

624.49 

61 

987.74 

989-51 

1,010.70 

62 

1,004.03 

1,006.80 

1,028.10 

63 

1,022.01 

1,025.99 

1,047.30 

64 

1,041.85 

1,047.29 

1,068.30 

65 

1,063.75 

1,070.88 

1,091.20 

' 

79 


TABLE 
LIFE   AND    ENDOWMENT    POLICIES 


MORTALITY 


EXPOSED   TO   RISK. 

LIFE  AND   ENDOWMENT 

Number  of 
Policies. 

Amount  of 
Policies. 

Reversionary 
Additions. 

Policies  and 
Additions. 

Average 
Amt.  of 
Policies. 

A  section  of  ) 

Washington  V 

experience.    ) 

112,041 

$238,972,497 

17,336,145 

$246,308,642 

12,133 

Totals  of  3  1 

companies  for 
1885,  1886,     f 

956,160 

$3,067,765,322 

$108,192,822 

$3,175,958,144 

$3,208 

and  1887. 

RATIO   OF   ACTUAL   TO 


LIFE  AND   ENDOWMENT 

AMOUNT  EXPOSED. 

ACTUAL  MORTALITY. 

Policies. 

Additions. 

Policies. 

Additions. 

A  section  of   ) 

Washington  >• 

experience.    ) 

Life 

Endowment. 

Total . . . 

159,466,174 
79,506,323 

6,034,642 
1,301,503 

2,515,533 

583,873 

139,604 
10,965 

$238,972,497 

$7,336,145 

$3,099,406 

$150,569 

Totals  of  I   ^ 
company  for   1 
1885,  1886,    f 
and  1887, 

Life 

Endowment. 

Total . . . 

576,814,000 
244,419,000 

8,809,912 
2,775,663 

7,765,995 
1,913,567 

204,622 
37,514 

$821,233,000 

$11,585,575 

$9,679,562 

$242,136 

80 


X. 


AND    REVERSIONARY   ADDITIONS. 


RATE. 


DEATHS. 

MORTAUTY  RATE. 

COMBINED. 

Policies. 

Additions. 

Policies 

Number  of 
Policies. 

Amount  of 
Policies. 

Reversionary 
Additions. 

Policies  and 
Additions. 

Average 
Amt.  of 
Policies. 

and  Ad- 
ditions. 

1,313 
11,776 

$3,099,406 
$39,727,468 

$150,569 
$3,137,594 

$3,249,975 
$42,865,062 

$2,361 
$3,374 

1.297 
1-295 

2.052 
2.900 

I.319 
1.350 

PROBABLE    MORTALITY. 


SEPARATED. 

RATIO 

ACTUAL   TO   PR 
MORTALITY. 

OBABLE 

PROBABLE   MORTALITY. 

AMERICAN. 

ACTUARIES. 

AMERICAN. 

ACTUARIES. 

Policies. 

Additions. 

Policies. 

Additions. 

Policies 

Additions. 

Policies. 

Additions. 

2,703,235 
884,987 

135,489 
18,596 

2,967,957 
949,796 

148,632 
20,695 

•931 
.660 

1.030 
.590 

.848 

.615 

•939 

•530 

$3,588,222 

$154,085 

$3,917,753 

$169,327 

.864 

.977 

.791 

.889 

8,956,000 
2,870,000 

197,205 
38,764 

9,747,000 
3,097,000 

216,700 
42,749 

.870 
.670 

1.038 
.967 

.800 
.620 

•944 
.877 

$11,826,000 

$235,969 

$12,844,000 

$259,449 

.820 

'  1.026 

.750 

.933 

81 


Diagram  A  exhibits  (on  a  scale)  what  is  shown  by  figures  in 
Table  II. 

The  zigzag  black  line  indicates,  by  the  spaces  below  it,  the  amount 
of  losses  incurred  in  the  twenty-five  years,  at  each  age  (the  youngest 
age  being  i8,  the  oldest  age  80  ;  the  total  amount  exposed  to  risk, 
$458,068,193  ;  the  total  amount  of  losses,  $5,422,865). 

The  broken  black  line  indicates  the  amount  of  losses  at  each  age 

by  a  scale  graduating  the  actual  mortality,  the  total  area  included 

within  the  continuous  and  broken  black  lines  respectively  being  the 

same.     The   spaces   included  within  the  other   lines  indicate  how 

much  the  losses  would  have  been  by  the  several  tables,  at  the  same 

ages  and  on  the  same  amount  exposed  to  risk. 
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Diagram  B  exhibits  the  actual  and  probable  amount  of  losses  on 
$458,068,193,  exposed  to  risk  for  each  group  of  five  ages,  in  the 
twenty-five  years,  as  shown  by  Table  III.  The  irregularities  of 
Diagram  A  are  not  so  apparent. 

The  black  line  incloses  the  area  indicating  the  actual  losses,  and 
at  a  glance,  shows,  for  the  most  part,  the  actual  mortality  much  less 
than  the  computed  amount  by  the  other  tables,  particularly  by  the 
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are  based. 

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Diagram  C  exhibits  at  once,  by  years  of  membership,  the  rate  of 
mortality  by  the  several  tables,  compared  with  the  actual  experience 
of  the  Washington,  graduated,  as  seen  in  Table  IV. 

It  shows  the  expected  rate  of  mortality  by  the  standard  tables  to 
be  higher  in  the  early  years  of  membership  than  the  actual  rate, 
especially  by  the  five-year  groups,  and  indicates  when  the  benefit  of 
medical  selection  disappears. 


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Diagram  D  is  the  counterpart  of  C  in  regard  to  the  H"  (5)  table 
of  mortality. 

The  element  of  medical  selection  having  been  eliminated  by 
leaving  out  the  experience  for  the  first  five  years  of  membership, 
this  table  may  be  considered  as  representing,  quite  truly,  the  rate  of 
mortality  on  unselected  healthy  lives.  The  comparison  also  illus- 
trates Table  IV.,  and  shows  the  actual  mortality  experience  to  have 
been  much  less  than  the  probable  mortality  in  the  early  years  of 
membership,  on  account  of  medical  selection. 

The  actual  mortality  line  approaches  the  probable  as  the  risks 
advance  in  years  of  membership. 

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Diagram  E  exhibits  the  line  of  mortality  through  the  successive 
ages  from  lo  to  85  on  100,000  lives  at  the  starting  point. 

The  amounts  of  insurance  are  the  basis  of  the  actual  experience. 

The  broken  black  line  illustrates  Table  VI.  as  graduated  in  Table 

VII. — a  geometrical   curve — and    includes  on   the   left   the   number 

surviving   at   each    age.     The    other  lines    include   respectively  the 

number  surviving  at  each  age  according  to  the  several  tables.     The 

space  at  the  right  indicates  the  total  number  of  the  deaths  up  to 

and  including  each  age. 
90 


E 

Diagram  of  the   Number   Surviving  at  Each  Age 

Out    or    100  000    Living   at   Age    10, 

Based    on    Amounts     of    Insurance. 

NiikJiBC-B             OOOOOOOOO 
nUMBER          ooooo           O           OOO 

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Diagram  F  exhibits  the  mortality  rate  by  several  tables  as  com- 
pared with  the  graduated  actual  mortality  rate  of  the  Washington. 

By  every  diagram   the   lines  exhibiting   the  experience   of   this 

company  are  well  within  the  lines  of  the  two  standard  tables,  running 

quite  parallel  with,  although  much  below,  the  results  expected  by  the 

Actuaries'  table,   now   the    standard   of   valuation  of   the  Insurance 

Department  of  this  State. 
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MEDICAL. 


MEDICAL    STATISTICS. 


This  report  from  the  medical  department  covers  the  period  from 
the  foundation  of  the  company  in  February,  i860,  to  April,  1886. 
The  deaths  of  males  only  are  considered,  those  of  females,  eighty-six 
in  number,  being  too  few  for  profitable  analysis. 

The  work    is    divided    into  two  parts.     Part   I.   consists  of  ten 

general   tables  and   three   colored  diagrams,  with  brief  explanatory 

notes.     Part  II.  is  devoted  to  special  studies  of  some  of  the  more 

important    causes    of    death,    namely.    Consumption,    Cancer,    and 

Diseases  of  the  Nervous  and  Circulatory  Systems. 
96 


PART  I. 

GENERAL    TABLES. 

L  Table  of  Diseases. 
H.  Age  at  Issue. 
in.  Age  at  Death. 

IV.  Deaths  During  Year  of  Insurance. 
V.  Nativity — Causes  of  Death. 
VI.  Nativity — Duration  of  Policy. 
VII.  Residence  at  Death — Causes  of  Death. 
VIII.  Residence  at  Death — Duration  of  Policy. 
IX.  Occupations — Causes  of  Death. 
X.  Occupations — Duration  of  Policy. 


TABLE   I. 

GENERAL  TABLE  OF  DISEASES  AND  NUMBERS 
DYING  OF  EACH  DISEASE,  ARRANGED  IN  CHRON- 
OLOGICAL SERIES  OF  500  CASES. 


— — 

Total 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

Cause  of  Death. 

l86o-'86. 

l86o-'73. 

1873-78. 

i878-'82. 

l882-'86. 

Total       . 

2,000 

500 

500 

500 

500 

I.  Zymotic  Diseases. 

Carbuncle 

4 

3 

I 

Cholera 

6 

5 

I 

Cholera  Morbus 

10 

2 

3 

3 

2 

Diarrhoea 

12 

3 

2 

4 

3 

Diphtheria 

4 

I 

I 

2 

Dysentery     , 

14 

5 

2 

5 

2 

Erysipelas 

12 

2 

3 

4 

3 

Fever    .... 

2 

I 

I 

Fever,  cerebro-spinal 

12 

5 

3 

2 

2 

Fever,  congestive  . 

10 

6 

3 

I 

Fever,  intermittent   . 

4 

I 

I 

2 

Fever,  malarial 

13 

3 

4 

6 

Fever,  remittent 

17 

9 

3 

3 

2 

Fever,  scarlet 

I 

I 

Fever,  typhoid  . 

82 

28 

24 

13 

17 

Fever,  typho-malarial    . 

14 

3 

2 

7 

2 

Fever,  typhus   . 

5 

2 

2 

I 

Fever,  yellow 

3 

I 

2 

Influenza 

I 

I 

Measles 

I 

I 

Pysemia     .... 

7 

I 

I 

2 

3 

Septicaemia    . 

5 

2 

2 

I 

Small-pox. 
Total      . 
Percentage    . 

9 

6 

2 

I 

248 

81 

62 

56 

49 

12.40 

16.20 

12.40 

11.20 

9.80 

TABLE    I. — Continued. 


Total 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

Cause  of  Death. 

l86o-'86. 

l86o-'73. 

1873-78. 

i878-'82. 

i882-'86. 

II.  Constitutional  Diseases. 

Anaemia    .... 

4 

2 

2 

Cancer  .... 

68 

13 

II 

19 

25 

Consumption     , 

353 

109 

108 

68 

68 

Debility 

7 

I 

5 

I 

Diabetes    .... 

12 

5 

I 

6 

Dropsy  .... 

4 

2 

I 

I 

Gout          .... 

2 

I 

I 

Lumbar  Abscess    , 

5 

3 

I 

I 

Old  age     .... 

6 

2 

4 

Rheumatism 

12 

2 

4 

I 

5 

Tumors     .... 

2 

I 

I 

Tubercular  Meningitis  . 

2 

I 

1 

Total 

477 

131 

132 

102 

1X2 

Percentage 

23.85 

26.20 

26.40 

20.40 

22.40 

III.  Diseases  of  Nervous  System. 

Abscess  of  brain    . 

3 

I 

I 

I 

Alcoholism 

II 

2 

5 

4 

Apoplexy 

88 

26 

24 

18 

20 

Cerebral  effusion 

3 

I 

2 

Cerebral  embolism 

3 

I 

2 

Cerebral  hemorrhage 

II 

2 

4 

5 

Congestion  of  brain 

27 

6 

8 

II 

2 

Disease  of  brain 

13 

6 

5 

2 

Encephalitis  . 

10 

5 

3 

I 

I 

Epilepsy    .... 

I 

I 

General  paresis  of  insane 

7 

4 

3 

Graves'  disease 

I 

I 

Insanity 

7 

2 

2 

3 

Locomotor  Ataxy 

5 

I 

I 

3 

Meningitis 

12 

4 

4 

I 

3 

Nervous  prostration  . 

II 

3 

3 

3 

Paralysis 

51 

9 

14 

20 

Sclerosis  of  brain 

I 

Softening  of  brain 

27 

2 

9 

7 

Sunstroke 

5 

I 

3 

Tetanus 

2 

2 

Tuberculosis  of  brain 

I 

Tumor  of  brain 

I 

I 

Disease  of  spinal  cord 

3 

I 

2 

Inflammation  of  spinal  cord 

2 

I 

Sclerosis  of  spinal  cord 

2 

I 

Total    . 

308 

67 

77 

78 

86 

Percentage  • 

15.40 

13.40 

15.40 

15.60 

17.20 

99 


TABLE    I. — Continued. 


Total 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

Cause  of  Death. 

i86o-'86. 

i86o-'73. 

i873-'78. 

i878-'82. 

l882-'86. 

IV.  Diseases  of   Circulatory 

System. 

Aneurism  .... 

2 

I 

I 

Angina  pectoris    . 

7 

I 

2 

3 

Atheroma  of  aorta    , 

4 

I 

I 

Disease  of  heart    . 

38 

10 

8 

II 

Embolism  of  heart    . 

I 

Endocarditis 

7 

I 

2 

4 

Fatty  degeneration  of  heart 

18 

10 

7 

Gouty  disease  of  heart  . 

I 

I 

Hypertrophy  and  dilatation 

of  heart 

13 

I 

2 

6 

Neuralgia  of  heart 

I 

Ossification  of  coronary  ar- 

teries 

2 

I 

I 

Paralysis  of  heart 

5 

3 

I 

Pericarditis    . 

4 

2 

2 

Rheumatism  of  heart 

7 

2 

I 

3 

Rupture  of  heart  . 

3 

2 

I 

Rupture   of  blood-vessel  in 

liver  .... 

2 

I 

Valvular  disease  of  heart . 
Total      . 
Percentage    . 

38 

2 

7 

16 

13 

153 

20 

29 

50- 

54 

7.65 

4.00 

5.80 

70.00 

10.80 

V.  Diseases  of  Respiratory 

System. 

Abscess  of  lungs 

2 

I 

I 

Asthma. 

3 

3 

Bronchitis 

19 

4 

s 

6 

4 

Congestion  of  lungs 

27 

10 

10 

2 

5 

Disease  of  lungs 

7 

2 

3 

2 

Emphysema  . 

3 

I 

I 

I 

Empyema 

I 

I 

Gangrene  of  lungs 

2 

2 

Hemorrhage  of  lungs 

12 

5 

3 

3 

I 

Hydro  thorax 

I 

I 

Laryngitis 

9 

3 

3 

2 

I 

(Edema  of  lungs   . 

4 

I 

I 

2 

Pleurisy    .... 

8 

5 

I 

2 

Pneumonia    . 

183 

39 

45 

56 

43 

Pulmonary  Apoplexy 

3 

2 

I 

Tonsillitis 
Total 
Percentage. 

I 

I 

285 

70 

73 

77 

65 

14.25 

14.00 

14.60 

15.40 

13.00 

TABLE    I. — Continued. 


Total 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

Cause  of  Death. 

l86o-'86. 

i86(>-'73. 

l873-'78. 

l878-'82. 

l882-'86. 

VI.  Diseases  of  Digestive  System. 

Stricture  of  oesophagus 

I 

I 

Congestion  of  stomach  . 

5 

2 

I 

2 

Disease  of  stomach   . 

4 

I 

2 

I 

Dyspepsia 

4 

I 

I 

2 

Gastritis    .... 

26 

7 

4 

12 

3 

Hemorrhage  of  stomach 

2 

2 

Tumor  of  stomach 

I 

I 

Ulceration  of  stomach  . 

8 

I 

3 

3 

2 

Gastro-enteritis 

12 

4 

2 

2 

4 

Abscess  of  bowels 

2 

I 

I 

Fistula  in  ano    , 

I 

I 

Hemorrhage  of  bowels  . 

2 

I 

I 

Hemorrhoids 

I 

I 

Inflammation  of  bowels . 

21 

8 

6 

I 

6 

Obstruction  of  bowels 

2 

I 

I 

Perforation  of  bowels 

3 

I 

I 

I 

Peritonitis 

19 

6 

3 

4 

6 

Strangulated  hernia 

2 

I 

I 

Stricture  of  rectum    . 

2 

I 

I 

Ulceration  of  bowels 

I 

I 

Abscess  of  liver 

8 

I 

4 

3 

Biliary  calculi 

3 

I 

2 

Cirrhosis  of  liver 

32 

4 

6 

12 

10 

Congestion  of  liver 

4 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Disease  of  liver 

II 

I 

5 

4 

I 

Fatty  degeneration  of  liver 

I 

I 

Hypertrophy  of  liver 

5 

I 

4 

Inflammation  of  liver 

20 

6 

6 

5 

3 

Jaundice    .... 

I 

I 

Obstruction  of  hepatic  duct 

3 

I 

2 

Ascites      .... 

3 

2 

I 

Disease  of  abdomen 

I 

I 

Leucocythemia 

3 

3 

Tumor  of  abdomen 
Total 

Percentage 

3 

2 

I 

217 

51 

51 

65 

50 

10.85 

10.20 

10.20 

13.00 

10.00 

lOI 


TABLE   I. — Continued. 


Total 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

Cause  of  Death. 

l86o-'86. 

i86o-'73. 

1873-78. 

1878-82. 

1882-86. 

VII.  Diseases  of  Urinary  System. 

Albuminuria     . 

I 

I 

Abscess  of  kidneys 

I 

1 

Bright's  disease 

71 

II 

19 

14 

27 

Congestion  of  kidneys  . 

I 

I 

Disease  of  kidneys    . 

19 

5 

8 

5 

I 

Nephritis 

12 

I 

2 

4 

5 

Uraemia     .... 

3 

I 

I 

I 

Cystitis  .... 

10 

I 

7 

2 

Hemorrhage  of  bladder 

2 

I 

I 

Disease  of  prostate 
Total 
Percentage 

3 

I 

I 

I 

123 

20 

31 

34 

38 

6.15 

4.00 

6.20 

6.80 

7.60 

VIII.  Accidents  and  Injuries. 

Burns         .... 

8 

6 

I 

I 

Drowning 

25 

6 

5 

9 

5 

Explosions 

3 

I 

2 

Exposure 

2 

I 

I 

Falls          .... 

25 

5 

8 

4 

8 

Falling  bodies 

4 

2 

I 

I 

Gunshot  wounds 

8 

6 

I 

I 

Homicide 

4 

2 

I 

I 

Knife  wounds    . 

3 

I 

2 

Lightning 

I 

I 

Injuries  by  machinery 

9 

2 

4 

3 

Mining  accidents  . 

8 

I 

2 

5 

Railroad  accidents     . 

23 

II 

6 

4 

2 

Other  accidents     . 
Total 
Percentage 

3 

I 

I 

I 

126 

45 

29 

25 

27 

6.30 

9.00 

5.80 

5-00 

540 

IX.  Suicides. 

Cutting  throat  . 

10 

2 

3 

I 

4 

Drowning 

3 

I 

2 

Hanging    .... 

9 

I 

2 

2 

4 

Poison   .... 

5 

3 

2 

Shooting    .... 
Total      . 
Percentage 

23 

3 

5 

8 

7 

50 

10 

12 

II 

17 

2.50 

2.00 

2.40 

2.20 

3.40 

X.  Unclassified. 

Abscess     .... 

3 

I 

2 

Disease  of  joints    . 

2 

I 

I 

Unknown 
Total      . 
Percentage 

8 

3 

2 

I 

2 

13 

5 

4 

2 

2 

.65 

I.OO 

.80 

.40 

.40 

102 


MEDICAL.  103 


TABLE    I. 


In  this  introductory  table  are  tabulated  all  diseases  which  appear 
in  the  mortality  records.  In  many  cases  the  numbers  are  small,  but, 
when  the  diseases  are  grouped  into  their  respective  classes,  the 
resulting  totals  are  sufficiently  large  to  repay  consideration. 

The  chronological  arrangement  enables  us  to  see  what  difference 
there  may  be  between  the  earlier  and  the  later  experience  of  the 
company.  As  it  has  grown  older,  the  average  age  of  its  policy- 
holders has  naturally  increased.  This  does  not  imply  that  more 
elderly  persons  are  insured  now  than  formerly.*  The  age  at  issue 
may  be  the  same  at  the  present  time  as  in  the  first  year  of  existence 
of  the  company,  but  it  must  now  be  averaged  with  the  increased  age 
of  the  policies  remaining  in  force  from  previous  years.  In  1864, 
the  average  age  of  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy  policy-holders  was 
37.16  years  ;  in  1884,  twenty  years  later,  the  average  age  of  fourteen 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  nine  policy-holders  was  42.98  years,  a 
gain  of  nearly  six  years.  This  increase  in  age  of  those  exposed  will 
probably  furnish  a  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  variation  in  the 
mortality  experience  throughout  the  series. 

The  general  class  of  zymotic  diseases  includes  two  hundred  and 
forty-eight  deaths,  or  12.40  per  cent,  of  the  total  number.  The 
percentage  diminishes  rapidly  from  16.20  per  cent,  in  the  first  series 
to  9.80  per  cent,  in  the  last  series.  This  marked  difference  is 
probably  partly  due  to  the  progress  in  sanitary  science  of  recent 
years,  but  mainly  to  the  more  advanced  age  of  those  from  whom  the 
deaths  are  drawn  in  the  later  series.  As  will  be  shown  in  Tables 
II.  and  III.,  deaths  from  zymotic  diseases,  especially  typhoid  fever, 
are  relatively  rare  among  those  of  mature  years.  The  lessened 
mortality  holds  good  of  all  the  diseases  of  this  class  with  but  two 
or  three  exceptions. 

*  According  to  the  actuarial  records,  35.25  years  was  the  average  "office  age"  of 
all  policies  issued  by  the  Washington  Life  Ins.  Co.  in  1864,  and  33.81  years  the 
average  "  office  age  "  of  all  policies  issued  in  1884. 


I04         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY, 

Class  II. — constitutional  diseases — caused  four  hundred  and 
seventy-seven  deaths,  or  23.85  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number.  The 
diminished  percentage  in  the  later  series  is  owing  to  the  great  falling 
off  in  the  mortality  from  the  principal  disease  of  the  group,  i.  e., 
consumption.  In  the  first  two  series  consumption  was  the  cause  of 
21.70  per  cent,  of  the  deaths,  as  compared  with  13.60  per  cent,  in 
the  last  two  series.  This  great  variation  is  undoubtedly  due  in 
large  part  to  the  more  careful  selection  of  risks  of  late  years,  and 
also  to  the  greater  average  age  of  the  last  thousand  cases,  deaths 
from  consumption  being  proportionately  more  frequent  among  the 
young  than  among  the  old. 

The  mortality  from  cancer  increased  from  2.60  percent,  in  the 
first  series  to  5.00  per  cent,  in  the  last  series.  There  are  no  deaths 
from  old  age  until  we  reach  the  third  series,  which  covers  the  period 
from  1878  to  1882. 

Deaths  from  diseases  of  the  nervous  system  were  three  hundred 
and  eight,  or  15.40  per  cent,  of  the  total  mortality.  As  the 
principal  diseases  of  this  class  are  the  result  of  the  chronic 
changes  of  advancing  years,  we  are  not  surprised  to  find  their 
percentage  increase  steadily  from  13.40  in  the  first  to  17.20  in  the 
last  series. 

Under  the  heading  of  diseases  of  the  circulatory  system  are 
classed  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  deaths,  two-thirds  of  which  are 
furnished  by  the  last  two  series.  Here  again,  age  is  the  prime 
factor  in  the  increased  mortality. 

Two  hundred  and  eighty-five  deaths  are  recorded  under  Class 
V. — diseases  of  the  respiratory  system.  The  number  does  not  vary 
greatly  throughout  the  series.  One  hundred  and  eighty-three,  or 
almost  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  in  the  class,  are  attributed  to 
pneumonia. 

The  diseases  of  the  digestive  system  caused  two  hundred  and 
seventeen  deaths,  of  which  eighty-eight  are  classed  under  the 
various  affections  of  the  liver.  The  percentage  is  somewhat  greater 
in  the  third  series  than  in  the  others,  but  this  difference  is  no  doubt 
accidental. 


MEDICAL.  105 

Diseases  of  the  urinary  system  show  a  steady  increase  of 
mortality  from  4.00  per  cent,  in  the  first  to  7.60  per  cent,  in  the 
last  series,  and  the  increase  is  probably  due  to  the  same  cause 
as  the  increase  in  the  diseases  of  the  nervous  and  circulatory 
systems. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-six  deaths  by  accident,  the  first 
series  furnishes  by  far  the  largest  proportion.  This  does  not 
appear  surprising  when  we  consider  that  the  young  are  less  prudent 
than  those  of  mature  years,  and  are  also  more  apt  to  be  engaged 
in  hazardous  occupations. 

There  are  fifty  deaths  from  suicide,  one-third  of  which  are  found 
in  the  last  series.  According  to  Tables  II.  and  III.,  suicide  is  more 
frequent  among  the  young  than  the  old;  hence,  we  should  expect 
the  percentage  to  diminish  throughout  the  series  rather  than 
increase.  There  are  reasons  to  fear  that  this  increased  mortality  in 
the  last  few  years  is  not  simply  accidental.  Recent  decisions  of  the 
courts  have  not  been  such  as  to  discourage  suicide  among  the 
holders  of  policies  of  life  insurance. 


io6         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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MEDICAL.  107 


TABLE    II. 

This  table  will  aid  us  in  estimating  what  diseases,  at  any  given 
age  of  insurance,  are  most  to  be  feared  as  a  cause  of  death.  The 
percentage  of  deaths  by  each  disease  for  each  period  of  age 
may  be  compared  with  the  general  average  percentage  of  that 
disease. 

There  were  three  hundred  and  ninety-seven  deaths  of  persons 
who  insured  under  the  age  of  30  years.  Typhoid  fever,  con- 
sumption, and  accidents  and  injuries  give  a  percentage  much 
above  their  general  average,  the  three  classes  together  having 
caused  47.60  per  cent,  of  the  mortality,  as  compared  with  28.30 
per  cent,  for  all  ages.  Deaths  from  cancer,  apoplexy,  heart 
disease  and  diseases  of  the  kidney  are  comparatively  few  in  num- 
ber. 

Six  hundred  and  eighty-one  deaths  were  from  the  second 
decennial  period  (30  to  39  years,  inclusive).  Typhoid  fever  and 
consumption  show  a  large  falling  off  in  their  relative  mortality, 
though  still  above  their  general  average.  The  percentage  for 
accidents  (6.17)  is  even  somewhat  less  than  the  average  for  all  ages. 
Deaths  from  suicide,  on  the  other  hand,  show  a  decided  increase  in 
their  number  ;  zymotic  diseases,  other  than  typhoid  fever,  give  the 
large  percentage  of  10.13;  and  diseases  of  the  nervous  system, 
not  including  apoplexy,  caused  a  relatively  high  mortality.  The 
remaining  causes  of  death  do  not  vary  greatly  from  the  general 
average  percentage,  with  the  exception  of  apoplexy  and  diseases 
of  the  heart,  which  still  remain  much  below  their  average  for  all 
ages. 

Period  III.  (40  to  49,  inclusive)  contributes  five  hundred  and 
thirty-seven  deaths.  Apoplexy  figures  here  as  the  principal  cause 
of  the  mortality,  being  credited  with  13.78  per  cent.  Consumption 
comes  next  with  a  percentage  of  13.22,  much  below  its  general 
average  of  17.65  per  cent.     Diseases  of  the  heart  show  a  very  large 


io8         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

gain  in  this  period,  causing  10.24  per  cent,  of  the  mortality.  Cancer, 
pneumonia  and  diseases  of  the  kidneys  also  give  a  percentage  above 
the  average  for  all  ages. 

The  mortality  from  Period  IV.  (50  to  59  years,  inclusive) 
shows  a  steady  progression  of  the  tendencies  developed  in  the 
previous  period.  Deaths  from  cancer,  apoplexy,  heart  disease  and 
diseases  of  the  kidney  form  45.98  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number. 
Diseases  of  the  liver  caused  5.71  per  cent,  of  the  mortality  for  this 
period,  the  general  average  being  4.40  per  cent.  Consumption 
falls  to  a  comparatively  unimportant  rank,  its  percentage  being 
but  6.71. 

Apoplexy,  heart  disease  and  diseases  of  the  respiratory  system, 
including  pneumonia,  caused  61.90  per  cent,  of  the  deaths  from  Period 
V.  (60  to  69  years,  inclusive).  Typhoid  fever  does  not  appear  at  all, 
there  are  no  deaths  by  suicide,  only  four  from  consumption,  and 
two  by  accident.  Cancer,  diseases  of  the  digestive  system  other 
than  those  of  the  liver,  and  diseases  of  the  kidneys  have  a  per- 
centage somewhat  higher  than  their  general  average. 

Of  the  three  deaths  recorded  from  Period  VI.  (70  to  71),  cancer, 
apoplexy,  and  pneumonia  each  claim  one. 

To  recapitulate,  typhoid  fever,  consumption  and  accidental 
injuries  cause  their  greatest  mortality  among  those  insuring  under 
30  years  of  age,  and  the  table  shows  their  relative  proportions 
rapidly  and  steadily  diminishing  as  the  age  of  insurance  increases. 
Zymotic  diseases,  other  than  typhoid  fever,  and  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system,  omitting  apoplexy,  have  their  highest  percentage 
among  the  younger  ages,  but  reach  their  maximum  in  the  second 
decennial  period.  The  same  is  true  of  deaths  by  suicide.  Cancer, 
apoplexy,  heart  disease  and  diseases  of  the  kidney,  cause,  relatively, 
few  deaths  in  the  earlier  periods,  but  their  percentage  increases 
rapidly  throughout  the  series. 

In  the  table  below,  the  ages  at  issue  have  been  consolidated  into 
two  groups,  the  age  of  40  years  being  taken  as  the  dividing  line. 
One  thousand  and  seventy-eight  cases,  or  53.90  per  cent,  of  the 
whole  number,  form  the  first  group,  and  nine  hundred  and  twenty- 


MEDICAL. 


109 


two,  or  46.10  per  cent.,  the  second.  These  percentages  will  serve 
as  a  standard  for  comparison  with  the  relative  percentage  of  the  two 
groups  for  each  disease. 


Acs  AT  Issue. 


Under  40  years. 

Percentage . . 

40  years  or  over. 

Percentage .. 


30.40  38.46 


no         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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MEDICAL.  Ill 


TABLE    III. 


A  careful  study  of  this  table  will  be  found  to  confirm  and  empha- 
size the  conclusions  drawn  from  Table  II. 

Of  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  deaths  under  the  age  of  30  years, 
59.71  per  cent,  were  caused  by  typhoid  fever,  consumption  and  acci- 
dental injuries.  Deaths  from  suicide  are  also  relatively  numerous. 
All  other  diseases  give  a  mortality  below  the  average. 

In  the  second  period  of  30  to  39  years,  inclusive,  typhoid  fever, 
consumption,  and  accidents  still  show  a  very  high  rate  of  mortality, 
though  considerably  less  than  in  the  preceding  period.  Zymotic 
diseases,  other  than  typhoid  fever,  and  suicides,  attain  here  their 
highest  percentage. 

In  Period  III.  (40  to  49),  typhoid  fever  and  consumption  have 
fallen  almost  to  their  general  average  for  all  ages,  and  accidental 
injuries  are  considerably  below  their  average  percentage.  Zymotic 
diseases,  other  than  typhoid  fever,  still  show  a  very  high  mortality  ; 
pneumonia,  whose  percentage  has  been  steadily  increasing,  now 
claims  more  than  its  average  rate  for  all  ages. 

In  the  next  period  (50  to  59),  cancer,  apoplexy,  heart  disease  and 
diseases  of  the  kidney  give  a  largely  increased  mortality.  Pneu- 
monia also  shows  a  slight  gain  ;  diseases  of  the  liver  attain  their 
maximum  percentage  in  this  period.  Deaths  from  typhoid  fever 
and  from  consumption  are  relatively  few  in  number. 

In  Period  V.  (60  to  69),  deaths  from  cancer,  apoplexy,  heart 
disease  and  diseases  of  the  kidney  preponderate  enormously,  amount- 
ing to  51.49  per  cent.,  or  over  one-half  of  the  whole  number. 
Diseases  of  the  liver  still  give  a  high  percentage  ;  typhoid  fever, 
consumption  and  accidents  taken  together  caused  but  10.23  per 
cent,  of  the  mortality,  as  compared  with  59.71  per  cent,  in  the  first 
period. 

In  Period  VI.  (70  to  81),  the  figures  for  cancer,  apoplexy  and 
diseases  of  the  kidney  are  somewhat  less  than  in  the  preceding 
period,  while  the  percentage  for  diseases  of  the  heart  shows  a  very 


112         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

great  increase.  Diseases  of  the  respiratory  system,  including 
pneumonia,  caused  23.76  per  cent,  of  the  deaths,  their  average  for 
all  ages  being  only   14.25  per  cent. 

Of  the  two  thousand  deaths,  one  thousand  one  hundred  and 
forty-five,  or  57.25  per  cent.,  occurred  under  the  age  of  50  years,  and 
eight  hundred  and  fifty-five,  or  42.75  per  cent.,  at  the  age  of  50 
years  or  over  that  age.  In  the  following  table  the  ages  at  death 
are  consolidated  into  these  two  groups,  with  the  relative  percentage 
of  each  group  for  each  disease. 


i 

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Under  50  years. 

1,145 

73 

108 

21 

24 

81 

59 

49 

57 

46 

73 

87 

Percentage.. 

57.25 

8391 

67.08 

308a 

76.77 

42.86 

36.16 

70.24 

32.03 

54.10 

55.88 

52.27 

56.59 

42.28 

69.05 

70.00 

76.92 

50  years  or  over. 

8SS 

14 

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47 

82 

32 

143 

25 

104 

84 

45 

42 

56 

71 

39 

15 

3 

Percentage.. 

42-7; 

i6.og 

32.95 

69.1: 

23.2; 

57.14 

63.84 

29.76 

67.97 

45.90 

44.1a 

47.73 

43.41 

57.73 

30.95 

30.00 

23.08 

Diagram  A  illustrates  Table  III. 


DIAGRAM  A.-l 


Total. 


a 

>> 
1- 

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O 

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o 
O 

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a 

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4^* 

tarn 

8.05 

340 

17.  G. 5 

2.80 

11. i 

19  to  29  Years. 


12.95 


7.19 


.■51.63 


30  to  39  Years. 


6.54 


9.93 


2  8.09 


40  to  49  Years 


4.7-.' 


9.61 


2.53 


18.72 


287 


50  to  59  Years 


2.44 


G.G5 


r>.32 


13.08 


.155 


12.20 


60  to  69  Years.     S      6.2  7 


5.94 


6.27 


3.63 


22.12 


70  to  81  Years 


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3.96 

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20.79 

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a 

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rating  Table  III.    (aoe  at  death.» 


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9.90 


198 


197 


7.92 


2.97 


MEDICAL,  113 


TABLE    IV. 

We  hope  to  learn  from  this  table  the  effect  of  the  medical 
examination  in  controlling  the  mortality.  There  are  some  diseases, 
acute  in  character,  which  cannot  be  guarded  against,  and  these 
diseases,  among  well-selected  lives,  should  cause  the  bulk  of  the 
death-claims  in  the  first  year  of  insurance.  Diseases  peculiar  to 
youth  should  also  give  a  high  mortality  in  the  early  periods. 

One  hundred  and  fifty-six  deaths  occurred  in  the  first  year  of 
insurance.  Of  these,  ninety-three,  or  59.62  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
number,  were  caused  by  typhoid  fever  and  other  zymotic  diseases, 
pneumonia,  diseases  of  the  digestive  system  (omitting  those  of  the 
liver),  and  accidents  and  injuries.  This  is  in  accord  with  what  has 
been  stated  above,  these  diseases  being  usually  acute  in  character, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  pneumonia  and  diseases  of  the  digestive 
system,  especially  prevalent  in  the  early  years  of  life.  The  relative 
proportions  for  typhoid  fever  and  other  zymotic  diseases,  and 
accidents  and  injuries,  also  diminish  steadily  throughout  the  years 
of  insurance,  as  they  were  seen  to  diminish  throughout  the  periods 
of  age  at  death  {vide  Table  III.). 

Consumption,  on  the  other  hand,  which  caused  almost  one-third 
of  the  deaths  under  30  years  of  age,  caused  only  10.90  per  cent,  of 
the  mortality  in  the  first  year  of  insurance,  its  general  average  being 
17.65  per  cent.  This  difference  is  probably  mainly  due  to  medical 
selection,  but  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  consumption  is  usually  a 
chronic  disease,  very  seldom  running  its  course  in  less  than  a  year 
from  the  first  appearance  of  marked  symptoms.  In  the  second  year 
of  insurance,  the  percentage  for  consumption  mounts  suddenly  to 
22.47,  ^"^  reaches  its  highest  figures  in  the  third  period — third  to 
fifth  years,  inclusive.  The  effect  of  the  medical  examination  would 
seem  then  to  be  exhausted  after  two  or  three  years,  the  tendency  of 
the  disease  to  fatality  in  early  life  reasserting  itself. 

The  mortality  from  apoplexy,  diseases  of  the  heart,  and  diseases 
of  the  kidney,  increases  uniformly  with  the  years  of  insurance,  the 


114 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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Total. 


435 


8.05 


;J40 


17.60 


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11.2 


1  St  Year 


8.97 


12.83 


[0.90 


8.97 


2d  Year. 


&74 

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281 

22.47 

3cl  to  5th  Year. 


5.27 


791 


4.40 


1.18 


2£ 


6th  to  10th  Year. 


-4.19 


7.7  8 


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17.36 


IHG  10.38 


Above  10  Years. 


22^       670 


Miti 


13.9  4 


4D9 


14.2  3 


13,016    IV.      (Deaths  during  Year  of  Insurance. 


X"o«rt 


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MEDICAL. 


"5 


percentage  in  the  last  period  being  very  much  above  the  general 
average  in  each  of  the  three  classes.  There  were  four  deaths  from 
disease  of  the  kidneys  in  the  first  year  of  insurance,  and  in  no  one 
of  these  cases  had  the  urine  been  examined  at  the  time  of  issue  of 
the  policy.  - 

Apart  from  the  effect  of  medical  selection  in  determining  the 
cause  of  death,  its  effect  in  lessening  the  general  mortality  should  be 
considered.  In  the  table  we  see  the  relative  proportions  of  the 
two  thousand  deaths  increasing  from  7.80  per  cent,  in  the  first  year 
of  insurance,  to  35.50  per  cent,  in  the  period  above  ten  years 
of  insurance.  This  record  compares  very  favorably  with  that  of 
the  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,*  as  well  as  with  the  figures 
given  by  Mr.  Meechf  in  his  report  of  the  experience  of  thirty 
American  companies.  Of  thirty-five  thousand  four  hundred  and 
forty-two  deaths  included  in  Mr.  Meech's  investigations,  two  thou- 
sand four  hundred  and  forty-five  took  place  in  the  first  six  months  of 
insurance,  which  would  imply  at  least  double  that  number,  or  13.80 
per  cent.,  for  the  whole  year. 

A  comparative  statement  is  given  below  of  the  respective  per- 
centages for  the  first  year  of  insurance  and  the  period  above  ten 
years  of  insurance  : 


Deaths  during  Years  of  Insurance. 

First  year. 

Above  10  years. 

Thirty  American  Companies 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company     . 
Washington  Life  Insurance  Company 

13.80  i 
10.82  ^ 

7.80^ 

14.91  '^ 
22.43?^ 

35.50  a 

Diagram  B  illustrates  Table  IV. 


*  Mortality  Experience  of  the  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  of  New  York, 
published  in  1875. 

t  System  and  Tables  of  Life  Insurance,  by  Levi  W.  Meech, 


ii6 


THE   WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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MEDICAL.  117 


TABLE    V. 


Natives  of  the  United  States  furnish  one  thousand  three  hundred 
and  seventy-eight  deaths  ;  natives  of  Germany  come  next  with  two 
hundred  and  seventy-four,  leaving  but  three  hundred  and  forty- 
eight  for  all  other  nationalities.  The  numbers  are,  consequently,  too 
small  in  this  latter  case  to  form  a  basis  for  trustworthy  conclusions. 
By  grouping  all  the  foreign-born  together,  and  comparing  the 
relative  percentage  of  the  native  and  foreign-born  for  each  disease, 
the  results  become  of  more  value. 

With  a  few  exceptions,  nativity  has  had  apparently  but  little 
influence  in  determining  the  cause  of  death.  In  most  diseases  the 
mortality  of  natives  of  the  United  States  does  not  vary  greatly  from 
the  general  average  for  all  nationalities.  Zymotic  diseases,  cancer 
and  apoplexy,  however,  caused  a  slight  excess  of  deaths  among 
natives,  which  is  offset  by  a  comparatively  low  mortality  from 
respiratory  diseases  (except  pneumonia),  diseases  of  the  liver, 
accidents,  and  suicides. 

Consumption  has  its  highest  percentage  among  the  natives  of 
Canada,  and  its  lowest  among  those  of  Great  Britain. 

Apoplexy  caused  relatively  few  deaths  among  the  natives  of 
Germany  and  of  Great  Britain. 

Diseases  of  the  liver  show  a  marked  variation  from  the  general 
average  percentage,  having  caused  a  mortality  of  only  3.41  per  cent, 
among  the  native-born,  while  among  all  other  nationalities,  except 
Canadians,  the  rate  of  death  is  very  high. 

Accidents  caused  relatively  a  lower  percentage  of  death  among 
natives  of  the  United  States  than  among  the  foreign-born,  probably 
because  of  the  smaller  number  of  the  native-born  engaged  in 
hazardous  occupations.  Natives  of  Canada  give  the  very  high 
percentage  of  10.60. 

There  were  comparatively  few  deaths  by  suicide  among  the 
native-born,  while  of  the  foreign-born  the  Germans  furnish  the 
highest  percentage  for  any  single  nationality. 


Ii8 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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MEDICAL,  119 


TABLE   VI. 

We  have  seen  that  nativity  exercises  but  little  influence  in 
determining  the  cause  of  death.  There  seems,  however,  to  be 
considerable  difference  between  the  different  nationalities  in  respect 
to  the  duration  of  insurance  before  death. 

Natives  of  the  United  States  give  a  general  duration  of  policy 
of  8.77  years  as  compared  with  8.02  years  for  the  foreign-born,  a 
difference  of  three-quarters  of  a  year. 

Of  the  foreign-born,  the  natives  of  Ireland  have  the  best  record, 
followed  closely  by  the  natives  of  Great  Britain.  The  Germans 
come  next,  and  the  natives  of  Canada  are  last,  their  average  duration 
of  insurance  being  but  6.26  years,  two  and  one-half  years  less  than 
the  figures  for  the  natives  of  the  United  States. 

The  high  average  for  the  native-born  is  maintained  throughout 
the  various  causes  of  death,  with  the  exception  of  zymotic  diseases, 
pneumonia,  and  diseases  of  the  kidneys,  in  which  classes  the  percentage 
is  somewhat  below  the  general  average  for  all  nationalities.  The 
greatest  difference  in  duration  of  insurance  between  the  native  and 
foreign-born  is  found  in  the  classes  of  cancer,  apoplexy,  and  suicides, 
the  difference  in  favor  of  the  native-born  being  3.18  years,  2.82  years, 
and  2.70  years  in  the  three  classes  respectively. 

The  natives  of  Germany  show  the  most  noteworthy  variation  from 
the  general  average  duration  of  insurance  in  the  class  of  apoplexy, 
the  duration  being  only  5.79  years,  as  compared  with  9.66  years  for 
all  nationalities. 

The  natives  of  Great  Britain,  as  well  as  the  natives  of  Ireland, 
correspond  pretty  closely  with  the  general  average,  except  in  classes 
including  only  a  limited  number  of  deaths. 

The  natives  of  Canada  continue  their  low  average  duration 
throughout  the  table,  excepting  in  the  class  of  diseases  of  the  liver, 
in  which  there  were  but  two  cases. 

The  following  supplementary  table  shows  that  the  native-born 
attained  a  longer  duration  of  insurance  before  death,  in  spite  of  the 


I20         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

fact  that  their  average  age  at  the  time  of  insurance  was  1.39  years 
greater  than  that  of  the  foreign-born,  therefore  calHng  for  a  shorter 
"expectation  of  life."  On  comparing  this  probable  expectation  with 
the  actual  duration  of  insurance  in  each  case,  we  find  that  natives 
of  the  United  States  reached  31.00  per  cent,  and  foreigners  only 
27.38  per  cent,  of  their  expectation  of  life  respectively. 

♦TABLE   VI.— ^. 


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Y'rs. 

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Y'rs. 

Y'rs. 

Y'rs. 

Y'rs. 

Y'rs.  Y'rs. 

Y'rs. 

Y'rs. 

Average  age  at  issue 

39-8s 

33-7° 

37-65 

45-98 

34-49 

42.50 

45-34 

38.58 

44.63 

40.91 

40.91 

38.98 

40.44  42.88 

36.99 

36-83 

38-57 

Average  age  at  death 

48.62 

40-37 

45-33 

56.38 

41.89 

53-05 

55.66 

46.98 

55-74 

49-44 

49.68 

48.72 

48.65  53.10 

44-23 

45-62 

44-57 

Average  duration  of 

insurance    . 

8.77 

6.67 

7.68 

10.40 

7.40 

10.55 

10.32 

8.40 

II. II 

8-53 

8.77 

9-74 

8.21 

10.22 

7.24 

8-79 

6.00 

Foreign. 

Average  age  at  issue 

38.46 

33-78 

37-27 

43-72 

34.88 

42.81 

41.42 

35.58 

42.81 

39-91 

39.84 

40.10 

39-83 

41.05 

34.82 

35-62 

37.50 

Average  age  at  death 

46.48 

39-07 

45-43 

50.94 

42.23 

53.06 

48.92 

44.00 

53." 

48.59 

48.11 

49-59 

47-32 

51.70 

40.27 

41.71 

4483 

Average  duration  of 

insurance    . 

8.02 

S-29 

8.16 

7.22 

7-35 

10.25 

7-50 

8.42 

10.31 

8.68 

8.27 

9.49 

7.49110.65 

1 

5-45 

6.09 

7-35 

*  As  these  figures  are  based  on  mortality  statistics,  and  have  no  reference 
to  the  living,  it  does  not  follow  that  foreigners  insure  generally  at  an  earlier 
age  than  natives  of  the  United  States.  In  fact,  it  appears  that  the  average  age 
at  insurance  is  somewhat  greater  among  the  foreign-born  than  among  the  native- 
born.  The  applications  of  5,000  foreigners,  taken  from  the  books  of  the  company, 
show  an  average  age  at  issue  of  34.11  years,  while  the  applications  of  10,000  natives 
of  the  United  States  give  an  average  age  of  only  33.73  years. 


DIAGRAM  C.-lllus 


15 

M   ■ 


50 

o 


"I 


Total. 


4,35 


8.05 


:i.40 


17.05 


2B0 


II. 2( 


N«w  England. 


3.87 


+.42 


6.08 


17.13 


3.32 


16.1 


II.   New  York. 


3.G4 


G.07        3.04 


14.98 


3i)4 


13.36 


III.  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania. 


3.9J 


8.40 


3.64 


19.89 


252 


IV.   Southern  States.    M 


15.23 


3.55 


16.74 


3.55 


V.  Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


5.94 


8.58 


2.97 


16.17 


2.31 


10.5 


VI.  N.  W  States. 

(Incl.  Kan.,  Neb.,  and 
Oak.) 


6.42 


8.6  G 


120 


19.  .55 


2.51 


VII.  Other  Western 
States  and  Ter. 

(Rocky  Mt.  Plateau  and 
Pac.  Slop*  ) 


3.23 


4.84 


29.02 


3.2 


ing   Table   VII.      (Residence  at  Death.> 


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MEDICAL.  121 


TABLE    VII. 


New  England  gives  us  a  very  high  mortality  from  cancer, 
apoplexy,  diseases  of  the  heart,  and  diseases  of  the  kidneys,  and  a 
very  low  mortality  from  zymotic  diseases,  diseases  of  the  liver,  and 
accidents.  The  percentage  of  death  from  consumption  is  somewhat 
below  the  average  for  the  total  number. 

New  York  furnishes  a  comparatively  large  number  of  deaths  from 
diseases  of  the  liver  and  diseases  of  the  kidneys.  Apoplexy  and 
diseases  of  the  heart  are  also  somewhat  above  the  general  average 
rate.  Typhoid  fever  and  other  zymotic  diseases,  consumption,  acci- 
dents, and  suicides  are  all  considerably  below  the  average  for  the 
whole  country. 

New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  follow  very  closely  the  general 
average  percentage,  the  slight  excess  for  consumption  being  offset 
by  the  low  rate  for  pneumonia  and  other  acute  diseases  of  the 
respiratory  system. 

The  most  striking  variation  in  the  Southern  States,  from 
the  general  average,  is  the  low  mortality  from  typhoid  fever, 
contrasted  with  the  very  high  mortality  from  other  zymotic  diseases. 
Diseases  of  the  liver  give  a  very  large  percentage,  and  diseases  of 
the  kidneys  an  extremely  small  one. 

Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  furnish  a  rather  high  death-rate  from 
zymotic  diseases,  including  typhoid  fever.  Pneumonia  aod  other 
diseases  of  the  respiratory  system  caused  21.12  per  cent,  of  the 
mortality,  the  general  average  being  only  14.25  per  cent.  There 
were  very  few  deaths  from  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 

In  the  Northwestern  States  the  mortality  from  zymotic  disease, 
including  typhoid  fever,  is  very  great.  Accidents,  as  well  as  suicides, 
give  a  very  high  percentage,  the  figures  in  both  cases  being  much 
higher  than  in  any  other  section  of  the  country.  Apoplexy  caused 
very  few  deaths. 

Section  VII.  includes  so  few  deaths  that  the'  variations  from  the 
general  average  are  probably  in  most  cases  simply  accidental.     Of 


122 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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MEDICAL. 


123 


the  eighteen  persons  who  died  of  consumption  not  one  was  born 
in  this  section,  and  only  four  resided  there  at  time  of  issue  of 
policy. 

The  deaths  in  foreign  countries  are  even  fewer  in  number  than 
those  in  the  previous  section,  and  do  not  call  for  any  extended 
comment. 

Such  variations  from  the  average  death-rate  as  have  just  been 
noted  in  the  different  divisions  of  the  country  cannot  be  attributed 
entirely  to  local  causes.  Differences  in  age  at  insurance,  nativity, 
and  occupation,  if  very  marked,  must  have  some  influence  in  modi- 
fying the  relative  proportions  as  given  in  Table  VII.  Of  these 
three  factors,  the  age  at  insurance  is  probably  the  most  important. 


TABLE   VII.— a. 


Residence  at  Death. 

Average  Age  at 
Insurance. 

Nativity, 

United  States. 

Foreign. 

Total    .... 

39.42  years. 

68.90^ 

31.10  ^ 

I.  New  England 

41.39  years. 

86.74  J^ 

13.26^ 

II.  New  York 

40.54  years. 

68.62;^ 

31.38  ^ 

III.  N.  J.  &  Pa.  . 

40.98  years. 

76.75  ^ 

23.25  ^ 

IV.  Southern  States 

39.92  years. 

75.63  ^ 

24.375^ 

V.  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois 

39.22  years. 

66.345^ 

33.66^ 

VI.  Northwestern  States     . 

36.18  years. 

56.15  i 

43.85^ 

VII.  Other  Western  States 

35.06  years. 

67.74  ^ 

32.26^ 

VIII.  Foreign  Countries 

37.75  years. 

31.25  % 

68.75  K> 

In  the  above  table  New  England  gives  the  greatest  average  age 
at  insurance,  and  its  relative  percentage  of  native-born  is  also  by 
far  the  highest.  We  have  here  a  two-fold  cause  for  the  excessive 
mortality  from  cancer  and  apoplexy,  and  the  influence  of  advanced 
age  in  increasing  the  percentage  of  death  from  heart  disease  and 
disease  of  the  kidneys  is  only  partially  neutralized  by  the  relatively 


124         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

low  fatality  of  these  diseases  among  the  native-born  (v.  Tables  II. 
and  v.).  The  low  mortality  from  zymotic  disease  again  shows  that 
the  influence  of  age  is  more  powerful  than  that  of  nationality. 

The  few  deaths  from  diseases  of  the  liver  accord  with  the  small 
percentage  of  foreign-born  (Table  V.). 

Age  and  nativity  unite  in  lowering  the  percentage  of  death 
from  accident. 

The  moderate  mortality  from  consumption,  in  spite  of  the  trying 
climate  of  this  section,  is  probably  directly  due  to  the  advanced  age 
at  insurance  and  the  large  proportion  of  native-born. 

The  tables  for  occupations  have  not  yet  been  considered,  but  the 
following  cross-table  gives  the  percentage  of  the  principal  occupa- 
tions in  each  section  of  the  country  and  in  the  country  at  large. 

TABLE   VII.— 3. 


Residence  at  Death. 

Occupations. 

4.S 

M          Hazardous 
.^                 and 
"O         Unhealthy. 

1 

U 

935 

u 

1 
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u 

s 

915 

e 

a 

\ 
0 

7.90 

7.85 

0 
X 

1 

CQ 

N         Professions. 

0 

General  Average  Percentage. 

29.65 

S-50 

5.20 

New  England.          Percentage. 

41.44 

10.50 

6.63 

14.92 

6.63 

1.66 

2.76 

6.07 

9-39 

New  York.                             " 

3583 

9.II 

9.72 

6.27 

8.50 

6.07 

5-87 

S.67 

12.96 

N.  J.  and  Pa. 

32.49 

1345 

9.53 

8.13 

11.76 

504 

4.20 

4.20 

11.20 

Southern  States.                    " 

31.98 

12.18 

10.15 

2.54 

6.09 

8.63 

5-59 

8.63 

14.21 

Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Ills.             " 

27,06 

10.56 

8.25 

12.54 

6.94 

14.85 

6.27 

4.29 

9.24 

Northwestern  States.            " 

15.64 

18.71 

9-77 

13.68 

7.26 

8.69 

7.26 

335 

1564 

Other  Western  States.          " 

12.90 

177^ 

16.13 

6.45 

1. 61 

14.52 

4.84 

6.45 

19.36 

Foreign  Countries.                " 

33-34 

25.00 

6.25 

417 

8.33 

4.17 

8.33 

10.41 

Continuing  our  study  of  the  deaths  in  New  England,  we  note 
in  this  table  that  the  class  of  merchants  furnishes  41.44  per  cent, 
of  the  mortality  in  this  section,  the  proportion  for  all  other  occupa- 
tions except  that  of  mechanics  being  considerably  below  the  average 


MEDICAL,  125 

for  the  whole  country.  Further,  by  referring  to  Table  IX.,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  mortality  among  merchants  coincides  very  nearly 
with  the  mortality  as  we  have  just  described  it  in  New  England, 
and  it  would  seem  reasonable  to  consider  occupation  as  second  only 
to  age  in  its  influence  upon  the  causes  of  death. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Northwestern  States,  the  variations 
in  age  at  insurance,  nativity  and  occupation  are  not  so  marked 
throughout  the  other  divisions  of  the  country  as  in  New  England, 
hence  the  results  are  not  so  uniform.  In  the  Northwestern  States, 
the  conditions  are  the  very  reverse  of  those  in  New  England,  and 
the  effect  is  evident  in  the  mortality.  The  average  age  at  insurance 
is  very  low,  the  percentage  of  foreign-born  is  very  high,  and  the 
proportion  of  merchants  is  extremely  small,  other  occupations, 
especially  those  of  a  hazardous  or  unhealthy  character,  furnishing 
the  bulk  of  the  mortality.  In  consequence,  we  find  that  the  per- 
centage of  deaths  from  cancer,  apoplexy,  heart  disease,  and  disease 
of  the  kidneys  is,  without  a  single  exception,  below  the  average, 
while  typhoid  fever  and  other  zymotic  diseases,  consumption, 
accidents,  and  suicides  caused  48.88  per  cent,  of  the  deaths,  the 
percentage   from   the   same  diseases  in  New  England   being   only 

30.39- 

The  accompanying  diagram  C  illustrates  Table  VII.,  the  deaths 

in  foreign  countries  being  omitted. 


126 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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MEDICAL.  127 


TABLE    VIII. 

The  general  average  duration  of  policy  being  8.54  years,  New 
York  shows  the  most  favorable  experience  with  9.77  years  dura- 
tion, followed  closely  by  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  with  9.62 
years.  New  England  is  third  with  a  duration  of  9.01  years.  All 
other  sections  of  the  country  give  a  duration  much  less  than  the 
average,  the  Southern  States  coming  last  with  an  average  length  of 
policy  of  only  6.86  years.  As  was  stated  under  Table  VII.,  the  deaths 
in  foreign  countries  are  too  few  in  number  to  repay  consideration. 

New  York  maintains  its  high  average  throughout  the  various 
causes  of  death,  with  but  three  exceptions,  in  which  the  figures  are 
slightly  less  than  those  for  the  total  mortality.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  This  fact  would  seem  to 
show  that  the  high  average  duration  of  the  policies  in  these  sections 
is  due,  not  so  much  to  immunity  from  those  diseases  which  cause 
their  heaviest  mortality  in  the  early  years  of  insurance,  but  to  the 
general  excellence  of  the  risks,  considered  from  all  standpoints.  In 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  in  fact,  as  was  seen  in  Table  VII., 
the  mortality  from  such  causes  as  consumption  and  accident  was 
even  above  the  general  average  percentage. 

New  England,  also,  though  not  ranking  as  high  as  the  above- 
mentioned  sections,  gives  figures  above  the  average  duration  in  two- 
thirds  of  the  causes  of  death. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  short  duration  of  policy  in  the  Southern 
States  persists  throughout  twelve  of  the  fifteen  classified  causes  of 
death,  being  very  striking  in  the  mortality  from  apoplexy,  in  which 
the  average  length  of  insurance  was  only  5.40  years.  As  a  large 
majority  of  those  dying  in  this  section  were  native-born  {v.  Table 
VII. — ci),  and  the  relative  percentage  for  hazardous  and  unhealthy 
occupations  was  not  above  the  average  for  the  whole  country 
{y.  Table  VII. — <5),  neither  nationality  nor  occupation  can  be  con- 
sidered a  factor  in  this  unfavorable  experience. 

The  Northwestern  States,  whose  experience  is  only  slightly  more 


128 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


favorable  than  that  of  the  Southern  States,  rate  below  the  average 
in  all  but  one  of  the  causes  of  death.  According  to  Table  VII. — a, 
43.85  per  cent,  of  those  dying  in  this  section  were  foreign-born,  and 
it  may  here  be  added  that  of  these  foreign-born  21.66  per  cent,  were 
Canadians.  We  have  already  seen  in  Table  VI.  that  the  foreign- 
born  generally  average  a  shorter  length  of  insurance  before  death 
than  the  native-born,  and  that  natives  of  Canada  show  an  especially 
unfavorable  experience  in  this  regard.  Again,  according  to  Table 
VII. — b,  18.71  per  cent,  of  those  dying  in  this  region  were  engaged  in 
occupations  involving  more  than  ordinary  risk  or  exposure,  so  that  this 
unfavorable  factor  is  to  be  added  to  that  of  foreign  birth  in  searching 
for  the  causes  of  the  short  duration  of  insurance.  The  duration  of 
insurance  in  Sections  V.  and  VII.,  though  somewhat  less  than  the 
average  for  the  whole  country,  does  not  call  for  especial  comment. 
In  Table  VIII.,  the  actual  duration  of  policy  before  death  has 
been  employed  as  a  standard  of  comparison  in  studying  the  effect 
of  a  given  residence  upon  the  length  of  insurance.  But,  as  we  have 
seen  in  Table  VII. — a,  the  age  at  insurance  varies  considerably  in 
the  different  sections  of  the  country,  and  the  expectation  of  life 
should  vary  correspondingly.  If,  now,  we  rate  the  various  sections 
according  to  the  percentage  of  expectation  attained  in  each,  we  have 
the  following  table : 

TABLE  VIII.— a. 


Residence  at  Death. 

Percentage  of 
Expectation  of 
Life  Attained. 

J^^  Group  I. 
^^  Group  II. 

Total         .... 

29.86  ^ 

New  England      .... 

New  York 

New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
Southern  States      .... 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois 
Northwestern  States 
Other  Western  States  and  Territories 

33.16  ^ 

35.16  i 

35.03  ^ 
24.29  i 
26.48  ^ 

22.85  ^ 

24.86  ^ 

MEDICAL.  129 

In  this  table,  as  in  Table  VIII.,  the  different  sections  of  the 
United  States  fall  naturally  into  two  groups,  the  first  containing  New 
England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania,  and  the  second 
including  all  other  States  and  Territories.  The  States  in  Group  I. 
attained  approximately  one-third  of  their  expectation  of  life,  and 
those  in  Group  II.  only  one-quarter. 

New  England  compares  more  favorably  with  the  other  sections 
in  its  group  than  it  did  in  Table  VIII.,  though  it  still  ranks  below 
them.     Ohio,   Indiana,"  and    Illinois    now  lead   Group    II.,  and    the 
Northwestern  States  fall  to  the  lowest  place. 
9 


130         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY, 


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MEDICAL.  131 


TABLE    IX. 

The  table  shows  the  twelve  classes  into  which  the  two  thousand 
cases  have  been  divided  according  to  occupation.  Any  such  group- 
ing must  be  to  a  certain  extent  arbitrary,  and  there  is,  no  doubt, 
room  for  question  as  to  the  success  of  the  plan  followed  in  this  case. 
The  names  of  the  classes,  as  a  rule,  explain  themselves. 

Class  I.  includes  419  merchants,  83  manufacturers,  57  bankers 
and  officers  of  corporations,  18  civil  officials,  and  16  individuals 
without  occupation  or  retired  from  business.  This  class  gives  a 
relatively  low  death-rate  from  typhoid  fever,  consumption  and 
accidents,  whereas  the  mortality  from  apoplexy,  disease  of  the  heart, 
and  diseases  of  the  kidneys  is  above  the  average.  The  advanced 
age  at  insurance  (42.32  yrs.)  of  members  of  this  class  is  probably  the 
main  factor  in  determining  the  cause  of  death. 

Class  II.  is  composed  of  13  bakers,  6  barbers,  15  commercial 
travelers,  1 1  foundrymen,  24  laborers,  1 1  lumbermen,  20  mariners, 
13  millers,  21  miners,  25  house  painters,  14  printers,  15  railroad 
employees,  8  saw-mill  workmen,  9  shoemakers,  1 1  stone-cutters, 
4  stationary  engineers,  22  teamsters,  and  16  others  of  various 
occupations  involving  hazard  or  exposure. 

The  average  age  at  insurance  is  35.97  years.  Consumption 
caused  20.16  per  cent,  of  the  deaths,  a  rate  considerably  above  the 
average,  though  perhaps  hardly  as  high  as  might  have  been 
expected.  The  percentage  of  deaths  from  accident  is  17.83,  almost 
three  times  the  rate  for  all  classes  taken  together.  Apoplexy, 
diseases  of  the  heart,  pneumonia,  and  diseases  of  the  kidney  give  a 
very  low  percentage.  Grouping  the  bakers,  barbers,  foundrymen, 
lumbermen,  millers,  printers,  and  stone-cutters  together,  we  find  that 
consumption  caused  36.71  per  cent,  of  the  deaths,  ranging  from 
23.08  per  cent,  among  the  bakers  to  72.73  per  cent,  among  the 
stone-cutters.  On  the  other  hand,  the  occupations  of  laborers, 
lumbermen,  mariners,  miners,  railroad  employees,  saw-mill  workmen, 
and  stationary  engineers  give  a  percentage  of  death  from  accident 


132         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

of  33.01  per  cent.,  ranging  from  16.67  per  cent,  among  laborers  to 
75.00  per  cent,  among  saw-mill  workmen. 

Class  III.,  in  addition  to  181  clerks  and  bookkeepers,  includes 
4  telegraph  operators  and  2  bookbinders.  The  average  age  at 
insurance  is  only  32.17  years,  and,  occupation  apart,  we  should  look 
for  a  large  death-rate  from  those  diseases  which  we  have  found  to 
be  most  prevalent  in  youth.  Typhoid  fever  and  other  zymotic 
diseases,  however,  give  a  percentage  but  little  above  the  general 
average,  and  deaths  from  accident  are  comparatively  few  in  number. 

These  low  relative  proportions  are  partly  due  to  the  extremely 
high  percentage  (32.09  per  cent.)  attained  by  consumption,  which 
thus  caused  almost  one-third  of  the  total  mortality  in  this  class. 
Pneumonia  is  credited  with  a  percentage  much  above  the  average, 
but  this  is  offset  by  a  very  low  rate  of  death  from  other  diseases  of 
the  respiratory  system. 

Class  IV.  comprises  25  blacksmiths,  22  builders,  55  carpenters, 
32  machinists,  15  metal  workers,  and  34  other  mechanics.  The 
average  age  at  insurance  is  38.56  years.  Typhoid  fever  caused  7.1 1 
per  cent,  of  the  deaths,  a  rate  larger  than  is  found  in  any  other  class. 
Other  zymotic  diseases,  consumption,  diseases  of  the  respiratory 
system  (omitting  pneumonia),  diseases  of  the  digestive  system 
.  (other  than  those  of  the  liver),  and  accidents  all  give  a  percentage 
above  the  average. 

Class  V.  is  made  up  of  20  butchers,  35  druggists,  33  grocers, 
II  jewelers,  10  saddlers,  21  tailors,  9  tobacconists,  and  19  other 
shopkeepers.  The  average  age  at  insurance  is  37.58  years. 
Typhoid  fever,  consumption,  disease  of  the  heart,  diseases  of  the 
digestive  system  (except  those  of  the  liver),  and  diseases  of  the 
kidneys  caused  a  high  mortality  in  this  class.  The  percentages  for 
apoplexy  and  accidents  are  extremely  small. 

Class  VI.  is  composed  of  157  farmers  and  stock-raisers.  The 
average  age  at  insurance  is  45.27  years.  In  spite  of  this  advanced 
age,  the  death-rate  from  typhoid  fever  and  other  zymotic  diseases 
and  accidents  is  considerably  above  the  average.  Consumption 
caused   only    10.19    per   cent,    of    the    deaths,  but   pneumonia   and 


MEDICAL.  133 

other  acute  diseases  of  the  respiratory  system  give  a  percentage 
of  22.29. 

Class  VII.  includes  49  hotel-keepers,  42  saloon-keepers,  9 
brewers,  and  10  wholesale  liquor  merchants.  All  these  individuals, 
simply  from  the  nature  of  their  occupation,  were  constantly  exposed 
to  the  temptation  of  over-indulgence  in  alcoholic  liquors.  The 
average  age  at  insurance  was  39.55  years.  The  mortality  from 
zymotic  diseases,  consumption,  and  heart  disease,  is  relatively  very 
low.  The  high  rate  (20.00  per  cent.)  for  diseases  of  the  nervous 
system  is  not  without  significance.  The  most  striking  evidence, 
however,  of  the  influence  of  occupation  is  furnished  by  the  per- 
centage for  diseases  of  the  liver,  namely,  17.27  per  cent,  almost 
four  times  the  general  average  (4.40  per  cent.)  for  all  classes. 
These  figures  are  in  accord  with  the  generally  accepted  opinion  that 
degeneration  of  the  liver  is  a  frequent  result  of  the  habitual  use  of 
strong  drink.  Only  40  of  the  members  of  this  class  were  native- 
born,  the  remaining  70  being  of  foreign  birth  ;  53  of  the  70  were 
natives  of  Germany. 

Class  VIII.  consists  of  38  brokers,  2il  insurance  agents,  21 
general  agents,  and  8  contractors.  The  average  age  at  insurance 
is  43.70  years.  Deaths  from  apoplexy  reach  the  enormous  per- 
centage of  22.12,  about  double  the  general  average  for  all 
occupations.  Cancer  and  suicides  show  a  very  high  rate,  while 
consumption,  pneumonia,  diseases  of  the  digestive  system,  and 
accidents  are  all  below  the  average. 

Classes  IX.,  X.,  XI.,  and  XII.  are  so  small  that  but  little 
weight  can  be  given  to  the  relative  percentage  of  death  from  the 
various  diseases.  The  age  at  insurance  of  Class  IX.  is  39.35  years; 
of  Class  X.,  36.59  years;  of  Class  XL,  39.74  years;  and  of  Class 
XII.,  35.70  years.  Class  XII.  is  composed  of  27  teachers,  12  civil 
engineers  and  surveyors,  7  editors,  10  dentists,  2  architects,  i 
student,  and  i  electrician. 


134 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


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MEDICAL. 


135 


TABLE    X. 

Ranking  the  various  occupations  simply  according  to  the  length 
of  duration  of  policy,  this  table  would  place  them  in  the  following 
order :  Physicians,  merchants,  lawyers,  shopkeepers,  farmers,  clergy- 
men, hotel-keepers,  other  professions,  mechanics,  hazardous  and 
unhealthy,  clerks,  and  brokers.  The  variation  in  longevity  appears 
surprisingly  slight,  ranging  from  9.71  years  down  to  7.27  years. 
But  when  the  average  age  at  insurance  of  each  class  is  considered, 
and  the  percentage  of  expectation  of  life  attained  by  each  class 
is  calculated,  the  variation  becomes  much  greater,  and  the  classes 
rank  as  follows : 


Classes  Ranked  According  to  Percentage  of  Expectation  of  Life 
Attained  by  Each  Class. 


Merchants 35.56  % 

Farmers 35.ai  ^ 

Physicians 33,89  ^ 

Lawyers 30.31  ^ 

Clergymen 29,36  ^ 

Shopkeepers 29.13  J^ 

Hotel-keepers 29,12  j^ 

Brokers 28.52  ^ 

Mechanics 27.75  J^ 

Other  professions 26.47  5^ 

Hazardous  and  unhealthy 24.51  ^ 

Clerks 22.13  ^ 

Total  (2,000) 29.86  % 


By  this  more  equitable  method  of  rating  the  occupations,  farmers 
are  raised  from  the  fifth  to  the  second  place,  closely  following 
merchants,    and    brokers    from    the    twelfth    to   the   eighth   place. 


136         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

Clergymen  do  not  rank  as  high  as  might  be  expected.  On  the 
other  hand,  hotel-keepers  show  a  very  fair  percentage,  in  spite  of 
the  risks  incident  to  their  occupation.  In  this  class  of  lives  the 
importance  of  carefully  weighing  the  moral  hazard  in  each  individual 
case  can  hardly  be  over-estimated. 

The  class  of  hazardous  and  unhealthy  occupations  naturally 
comes  very  low  in  the  list,  but  the  class  of  clerks  shows  a  still  more 
unfavorable  record.  The  death  of  almost  one-third  of  the  latter 
class  from  consumption  has  undoubtedly  much  to  do  with  the 
short  average  duration  of  insurance  for  the  class. 

In  conclusion,  it  would  seem  that,  while  the  occupation  has  a 
great  influence  in  determining  the  longevity  of  policy-holders,  that 
influence,  when  a  priori  unfavorable,  may  be  much  diminished  by 
careful  selection  and  consideration  of  the  moral  hazard. 


PART    II. 

Consumption. 

Cancer. 

Diseases  of  the   Nervous    and   Circulatory   Systems 


138         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


CONSUMPTION. 


We  have  considered  in  this  chapter  the  effect  of  hereditary  and 
acquired  tendencies  in  increasing  the  mortality  from  consumption. 
The  relations  of  height  and  weight  are  also  briefly  discussed. 

In  life  insurance,  "  hereditary "  tendencies  are  usually  sought 
for  in  the  family  history  of  the  individual  applying  for  insurance, 
whereas  those  tendencies  are  called  "acquired"  which  appear 
in  the  personal  history  or  physical  condition  of  the  individual 
himself. 

This  division  is  not  strictly  correct,  as  many  of  the  symptoms 
found  in  the  personal  record  of  the  individual  should  be  properly 
regarded  as  evidence  of  a  predisposition  inherited  from  the  parents. 
Spitting  of  blood,  for  instance,  or  disease  of  the  spine,  hip,  or  cer- 
vical glands,  is  probably  in  the  large  majority  of  cases  due  to  an 
hereditary  consumptive  taint.  For  the  sake  of  uniformity,  however, 
we  shall  employ  the  terms  ordinarily  used,  as  they  are  brief  and 
convenient,  and  with  the  above  qualifications,  are  sufficiently  accurate 
for  our  purpose. 

TABLE   A. 


Tendencies  to  Consumption. 

Hereditary 
Tendency. 

Acquired 
Tendency. 

Hereditary 

and  Acquired 

Tendency. 

No  Tendency 
whatever. 

Total     .         2,000 
Percentage . 

252 
12.60 

152 
7.60 

44 
2.20 

1,552 
77.60 

Of  the  2,000  cases,  252,  or  12.6  per  cent.,  showed  a  tendency  to 
consumption  in  their  family  history,  152,  or  7.6  per  cent,  in  their 
personal  history,  44,  or  2.2  per  cent.,  in  both  family  and  personal 
histories,  leaving  1,552,  or  77.6  per  cent.,  without  any  consumptive 
taint  whatever. 

In  the  following  table  (B),  the  cases  are  classified  as  in  the  above 


MEDICAL. 


139 


table  (A),  with  the  number  and  percentage  of  each  class  dying  of 
consumption  : 

TABLE   B. 


Deaths  by 

Tendencies  to  Consumption. 

Total. 

Consump- 
tion. 

Total         .... 

2,000 

353 

General  Average  Percentage  . 

17.65 

Class  I.  Hereditary  tendency  alone 

252 

59 

Percentage  .... 

23.41 

\ 

Class  II.  Acquired  tendency  alone  . 

152 

47 

\ 

Percentage    .... 

30.92 

)        448  :  127. 

Class  III.  Hereditary    and    acquired 

/           28.35  J^. 

tendencies  combined 

44 

31 

Percentage   .... 

47.73 

/ 

Class  IV.  No    consumptive    tendency 

whatever 

1,552 

226 

Percentage   .... 

14.56 

According  to  Table  B,  a  consumptive  taint  appearing  in  the  family 
record  is  of  less  significance  than  when  it  occurs  in  the  personal  his- 
tory of  the  individual.  Of  the  252  cases  with  hereditary  tendencies, 
about  one  in  four,  or  exactly  23.41  per  cent.,  died  of  consumption, 
while  of  the  152  cases  with  acquired  tendencies,  about  one  in  three, 
or  exactly  30.92  per  cent.,  died  of  this  disease.  Of  the  44  cases  with 
both  hereditary  and  acquired  tendencies,  47.73  per  cent.,  almost  one- 
half,  died  of  consumption.  The  mortality  falls  to  14.56  per  cent., 
about  one  in  seven,  among  those  with  neither  inherited  nor  acquired 
taint.  Grouping  the  three  classes  with  consumptive  tendencies 
together,  their  proportionate  mortality  from  consumption  is  about 
double  that  of  the  class  with  no  consumptive  tendency  whatever. 

We  have  now  to  study  separately  each  of  the  above  classes  of 
consumptive   tendencies.     The  44  cases  in   Class   III.    will   require 


140 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 


two-fold  consideration.     They  will  therefore  be  included  first  with 
the  252  cases  of  Class  I.,  and  later  with  the   152  cases  of  Class  II. 

HEREDITARY    TENDENCIES. 

In  the  subjoined  table,  we  have  divided  the  2,000  cases  simply 
according  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  an  hereditary  consumptive 
tendency,  with  the  number  and  percentage  of  each  class  dying  of 
consumption  : 

TABLE   C. 


Hereditary  Tendencies  to  Consumption. 

Total. 

Consumption. 

Total 

General  average  percentage 

2,000 

353 

17.65 

Hereditary  consumptive  taint        .... 

Percentage 

No  hereditary  consumptive  taint    .... 

Percentage 

296 

1,704 

80 
27.03 

i 

273 
16.02 

Two  hundred  and  ninety-six  of  the  two  thousand  cases  showed  an 
hereditary  consumptive  taint  at  the  time  of  insurance.  According  to 
Table  C,  given  above,  27.03  per  cent,  of  these  296  cases  died  of 
consumption,  while  of  the  remaining  1,704,  only  16.02  per  cent,  died 
of  this  disease.  Probably  many  of  these  latter  cases,  if  their  family 
record  could  be  completed  up  to  the  date  of  their  death,  would  also 
reveal  an  inherited  predisposition  to  consumption.  This  applies 
especially  to  those  insuring  at  an  early  age,  their  family  histories 
being  but  partially  developed,  so  to  speak,  at  the  time  of  issue  of  the 
policy.  And  it  is  the  younger  lives,  as  we  have  seen  (Tables  II.  and 
III.,  Part  I.),  that  furnish  the  majority  of  the  deaths  from  consump- 
tion. A  clear  family  record,  if  the  applicant  is  very  young,  is  only 
of  negative  value  in  estimating  a  doubtful  case,  unless  an  accurate 
statement  as  to  the  grandparents  can  be  obtained. 


MEDICAL.  141 

It  has  been  suggested  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Buck*  that  the  terms 
"childbirth,"  "change  of  life,"  "exposure,"  "grief,"  "fever,"  and 
"  general  debility,"  so  often  used  by  the  applicant  to  designate  the 
cause  of  death  of  some  member  of  the  family,  are  often  synonymous 
with  consumption.  He  believes  that  one-half  of  these  cases  would 
prove,  if  the  truth  were  known,  to  have  been  genuine  cases  of 
consumption.  In  his  analysis  of  268  deaths  by  consumption  in  the 
mortality  experience  of  the  United  States  Life  Insurance  Company, 
he  found  that  in  29  per  cent,  there  was  a  consumptive  taint  in  the 
family,  and  that  in  an  additional  24  per  cent,  there  was  a  doubtful 
family  record.  He  therefore  concludes  that,  "  in  about  40  per  cent, 
of  our  consumptive  losses,  the  taint  in  the  family  history  played  ah 
important  part  in  determining  the  eventual  cause  of  death."  Had 
his  investigations  on  this  point  been  extended  to  the  deaths  by 
diseases  other  than  consumption,  he  would  probably  have  found 
among  them  an  equally  large  percentage  of  doubtful  family  records, 
judging  from  the  experience  of  this  company.  On  searching  the 
applications  of  the  1,704  cases  given  in  Table  C  as  without 
hereditary  consumptive  taint,  it  appears  that  694  gave  a  family 
record  which  could  be  called  doubtful.  But  only  iii,  or  15.99  P^** 
cent.,  of  these  694  cases  terminated  in  death  by  consumption,  a 
percentage  not  varying  materially  from  the  16.02  per  cent,  for  the 
whole  1,704  cases.  It  would  hardly  be  safe,  then,  to  infer  an 
inherited  predisposition  to  consumption  in  an  applicant  because  of 
one  or  more  doubtful  causes  of  death  in  his  family  history.  The 
vagueness  of  the  terms  leaves  the  record  incomplete  and  unsat- 
isfactory, but  beyond  this  should  not  weigh  against  the  risk  in 
question. 

Returning  to  the  296  cases  with  undoubted  record  of  consumption 
in  the  family  history,  we  have  classified  them  according  to  the 
degree  of  hereditary  taint,  with  the  numbers  and  percentage  of  each 
class  dying  of  the  disease  in  question. 


* "  Medical  Investigations  in  Life  Insurance,"  published  by  the  United  States 
Life  Insurance  Company. 


142         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

TABLE    D. 


Degree  of  Consumptive  Taint 
IN  Family  History. 

Total. 

Deaths  by 
Consump- 
tion. 

Total . 

296 

80 

General  Average  Per- ) 
centage                    f 

27.03 

Mother  and  father    . 

3 

2 

Percentage    . 

66.67 

\ 

One  parent  and  one  or  more 
brothers  or  sisters 

25 

II 

\ 

Percentage    . 

44.00 

y             Group  I. 

Mother  alone   . 
Percentage    . 

68 

25 
36.76 

/              37.98  ^. 

Father  alone    . 

33 

It 

/ 

Percentage    . 

33.33 

One  brother  or  sister 

138 

25 

Percentage 

18.12 

\ 

Two  or  more  brothers   or 

\                     Group  II. 

sisters    . 

29 

6 

/                      18.56  ^. 

Percentage 

20.69 

^ 

The  most  striking  fact  brought  out  by  the  above  table  is  the 
difference  in  the  relative  mortality  from  consumption,  in  proportion 
as  the  hereditary  taint  appears  in  the  parents  or  in  the  brothers  and 
sisters,  the  percentage  being  over  twice  as  large  in  the  former  case 
as  in  the  latter.  Even  two  or  more  deaths  by  consumption  among 
the  brothers  and  sisters  appear  to  exert  much  less  influence  than 
the  death  of  one  parent.  The  percentage  of  18.56  in  Group  II., 
indeed,  is  but  slightly  larger  than  the  percentage  of  16.02  in  the 
1,704  cases  without  inherited  taint  (v.  Table  C). 

If  we  classify  the  296  cases  simply  according  to  the  number  of 
deaths  by  consumption  in  the  family  history,  we  get  the  following 
table  ; 


MEDICAL. 
TABLE   E. 


143 


Number  of  Dkaths  by  Consumption  in  Family 
History. 

TotaL 

Deaths  by 
Consumption. 

Total 

General  average  percentage 

296 

80 
27.03 

One  member  of  family 

Percentage 

Two  or  more  members  of  family 

Percentage 

239 

57 

61 

25.25 

19 

33.33 

A  difference  of  less  than  8  per  cent  in  the  proportion  of  deaths 
by  consumption  in  the  two  classes  in  Table  E  corroborates  what 
has  been  suggested  in  the  comments  on  Table  D,  namely,  that  the 
number  of  individuals  dying  of  consumption  in  the  family  of  the 
applicant  is  of  less  importance  than  the  degree  of  their  relationship 
to  him. 

In  44  of  the  296  cases  the  hereditary  taint  was  reinforced  by  a 
more  or  less  marked  acquired  predisposition  to  consumption.  In 
the  following  table  the  effect  of  this  reinforcement  in  increasing  the 
mortality  is  seen  very  clearly : 

TABLE  F. 


Hereditary  Tendencies 

to 

Consumption. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Hereditary 
Taint  Alone. 

Acquired  Ten- 
dencies Com- 
bined with 
Hereditary 
Taint. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Total 
General  average  percentage 

296 

80 
27.03 

252 

59 
23-41 

44 

21 
47.73 

Group   L    Hereditary    taint    in 
parents  .... 

Percentage 

Group  IL     Hereditary  taint  in 
brothers  or  sisters . 

Percentage 

129 
167 

49 
37-98 

31 
18.56 

107 
145 

36 
33.64 

23 
15.86 

22 
22 

13 
59.09 

8 
36.36 

144         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  numbers  are  not  sufficiently  large  to  allow  of  their  being 
divided  into  the  six  classes  of  Table  D,  so  we  have  consolidated 
them  into  the  two  main  groups,  as  given  in  that  table. 

Of  the  252  cases  not  complicated  by  the  acquired  tendency,  only 
59,  or  23.41  per  cent.,  died  of  consumption.  This  percentage  is 
raised  to  47.73  per  cent,  or  slightly  more  than  doubled,  by  the 
addition  of  the  personal  predisposition.  The  effect  is  more  marked 
in  Group  II.  than  in  Group  I.,  the  percentage  of  15.86  being  much 
more  than  doubled.  This  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
acquired  tendency  represents  a  more  positive  element  added  to  the 
rather  uncertain   hereditary  taint  when  found  only  in  the  brothers 

or  sisters. 

ACQUIRED   TENDENCIES. 

Under  this  heading  we  have  included  the  196  cases,  whose 
personal  history,  or  physical  condition,  as  recorded  in  their  applica- 
tions, suggests  an  acquired  predisposition  to  consumption. 


TABLE   G. 


Acquired  Tendencies  to  Consumption. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consumption. 

Total 

General  average  percentage     . 

2,000 

353 
17.65 

Acquired  tendency  to  consumption 
Percentage 

No  acquired  tendency  to  consumption 
Percentage 

196 
1,804 

68 

34.69 

285 

15.80 

As  seen  in  the  above  table,  34.69  per  cent,  of  the  196  cases  died  of 
consumption,  the  percentage  for  the  remaining  1,804  being  but  15.80. 

It  has  already  been  noted  that  44  of  these  196  cases  also  showed 
an  inherited  consumptive  taint,  leaving  152  with  a  clear  family 
record. 


MEDICAL. 


145 


In  Table  H,  the  cases  are  classified  according  to  the  symptoms 
recorded  in  the  applications,  and  also  according  to  the  presence  or 
absence  of  hereditary  taint. 

TABLE   H. 


AcQuiRKD  Tendencies  to  Consump- 
tion. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Acquired  Taint 

ALONE. 

Hereditary 
AND  Acquired 
Taints  Com- 
bined. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Total  .... 

196 

68 

15* 

47 

44 

21 

General  average  percentage 

34.69 

30.92 

47.73 

Spitting    of    blood,  previous    to 

insurance 

35 

15 

26 

9 

9 

6 

Percentage     . 

42.86 

34.62 

66.67 

Bronchitis,  pneumonia  or  pleurisy, 

previous  to  insurance     . 

102 

26 

80 

20 

22 

6 

Percentage     . 

25.49 

25.00 

27.27 

Disease  of  hip,  spine,  or  cervical 

glands  in  childhood    . 

8 

3 

8 

3 

•  • 

.... 

Percentage 

37.50 

3750 

Subject  to  asthma    at    time  of 

insurance    . 

25 

7 

20 

4 

5 

3 

Percentage 

28.00 

20.00 

60.00 

Subject  to  cough  at  time  of  insur- 

ance  .... 

15 

10 

n 

6 

4 

4 

Percentage 

66.67 

54.55 

100.00 

Subject    to    catarrh  at    time   of 

insurance    . 

5 

3 

2 

I 

3 

2 

Percentage 

60.00 

50.00 

66.67 

Traces  of  former  disease  in  lungs 

6 

4 

5 

4 

I 

.... 

Percentage 

66.67 

80.00 

. 

Consumption  caused  a  mortality  of  30.92  per  cent,  among  the 


146        THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


152  cases  not  complicated  by  a  hereditary  consumptive  taint,  as 
compared  with  47.73  per  cent,  among  the  44  cases  combining  both 
inherited  and  acquired  tendencies.  As  the  various  classes  grouped 
together  in  Table  H  differ  considerably  in  their  relative  importance, 
it  may  be  well  to  consider  briefly  each  class  by  itself. 

SPITTING    OF    BLOOD. 

Thirty-five  cases  had  had  spitting  of  blood  previous  to  insurance, 
of  whom  15,  or  42.86  per  cent.,  died  of  consumption.  Even  among 
the  26  cases  showing  no  inherited  taint,  9,  or  34.62  per  cent.,  died  of 
consumption,  while  the  percentage  of  death  from  this  disease  rises 
to  66.67  among  those  with  hereditary  predisposition. 

The  interval  between  the  spitting  of  blood  and  the  time  of 
insurance  varied  in  the  different  cases  from  one  to  thirty  years,  as 
shown  in  the  following  table : 

TABLE    J. 


Intervals  since  Spitting  of  Blood. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consumption. 

Total          .... 

35 

15 

General  average  percentage 

42.86 

One  year 

2 

2 

Percentage 

100.00 

\ 

Two  years 

I 

I 

\ 

Percentage    .... 

100.00 

\ 

Three  to  five  years  .... 

10 

5 

)  60.00  ^. 

Percentage 

50.00 

/ 

Six  to  ten  years        .... 

7 

4 

Percentage 

57.14 

1 

Eleven  to  twenty  years     . 

10 

2 

\ 

Percentage    .... 
Twenty-one  to  thirty  years 

5 

20.00 

I 

\  20.00  io. 

Percentage 

20.00 

/ 

MEDICAL.  147 

According  to  Table  J,  the  significance  to  be  attached  to  the 
spitting  of  blood  depends  mainly  upon  the  length  of  time  that  has 
elapsed  since  its  occurrence.  Of  the  20  cases  in  which  the  interval 
was  less  than  ten  years,  12,  or  60.00  per  cent.,  died  of  consumption, 
while  of  the  15  cases  in  which  the  interval  was  over  ten  years,  only 
3,  or  20.00  per  cent.,  died  of  this  disease. 

BRONCHITIS,    PNEUMONIA,    OR    PLEURISY    PREVIOUS    TO    INSURANCE. 

Of  the  102  cases  in  this  class,  26,  or  25.49  per  cent,  died  of 
consumption,  the  percentage  being  but  little  higher  among  those 
showing  hereditary  taint.  It  may  be  added  that  there  were  24 
deaths  by  pneumonia  or  other  acute  respiratory  disease,  or  23.53 
per  cent  (The  percentage  of  death  from  these  diseases  among  the 
whole  2,000  cases  was  but   14.25.) 

It  is  thus  seen  that  almost  one-half,  or  exactly  49.02  per  cent, 
of  the  deaths  in  this  class  were  caused  by  acute  or  chronic  disease 
of  the  respiratory  organs. 

DISEASE    OF    HIP,    SPINE,    OR   CERVICAL   GLANDS    IN    CHILDHOOD. 

There  are  but  8  cases  in  this  group,  of  which  3,  or  37.50  per  cent, 
died  of  consumption.  This  percentage  would  probably  have  been 
larger  had  any  of  the  cases  shown  in  addition  a  tubercular  taint  in 
their  family  history. 

SUBJECT    TO    ASTHMA. 

There  were  7  deaths  from  consumption  in  this  class,  or  28.00 
per  cent,  of  the  whole  number.  This  percentage  falls  to  20.00  in  the 
non-hereditary  group,  and  rises  to  60.00  in  the  group  showing  an 
inherited  consumptive  taint.  This  great  variation  is  probably  due 
to  the  varying  significance  of  the  symptom,  according  as  it  does  or 
does  not  cover  something  more  serious  than  simple  asthma. 

SUBJECT    TO    COUGH. 

Ten  deaths,  or  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number,  in  this  class 
were  due  to  consumption.     Two  more  deaths  were  caused  by  acute 


148 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


respiratory  disease,   leaving  but  three  deaths    from    diseases   other 
than  those  of  the  respiratory  system. 

SUBJECT    TO    CATARRH. 

What  has  been  said  above  as  to  the  significance  of  asthma 
may  be  applied  with  equal  truth  to  catarrh.  Had  we  simply  to 
do  with  cases  of  naso-pharyngeal  catarrh,  we  should  hardly  con- 
sider it  necessary  to  include  them  among  those  showing  acquired 
tendencies  to  consumption.  As  three  of  the  five  cases  died  of 
consumption,  it  is  probable  that,  in  those  three  cases  at  least,  the 
words  "subject  to  catarrh"  did  not  fairly  express  the  physical 
condition  of  the  applicant. 

TRACES    OF    FORMER    DISEASES    IN    LUNGS. 

In  this,  as  in  the  preceding  class,  the  number  of  cases  is  very 
small,  but  the  heavy  mortality  from  consumption  still  holds  good, 
4  of  the  6  cases  dying  of  this  disease.  The  two  remaining  cases 
both  died   of  typhoid  fever. 

THE  RELATIONS  OF  HEIGHT  AND  WEIGHT  AND  THEIR  INFLUENCE 
UPON  THE  MORTALITY  FROM  CONSUMPTION. 

The  height  and  weight  at  the  time  of  insurance  of  each  one  of 
the  2,ooo  cases  was  found  recorded  in  the  applications.  We  were 
thus  enabled  to  obtain  the  following  table  of  averages : 

TABLE   K. 


Average  Height  and  Weight, 


Total. 


Died  of 
Consumption. 


Died  of. 
other  Causes. 


Total 
Average  height 
Average  weight 


2,000 

5  ft.  8.2  in. 
156.2  lbs. 


353 
5  ft.  8.2  in. 
143.7  lbs. 


1,647 
5  ft.  8.2  in. 
158,9  lbs. 


MEDICAL. 


149 


As  seen  above,  the  average  weight  of  the  total  2,000  cases  was 
156.2  pounds,  whereas  the  average  weight  for  the  353  consump- 
tives was  only  143.7  pounds,  the  height  being  the  same  in  both 
cases.  Leaving  out  the  consumptives,  the  average  weight  of  the 
1,647  dying  of  other  causes  was   158.9  pounds. 

As  averages  are  not  always  trustworthy,  we  have  constructed 
Table  L,  below,  in  which  the  correspondence  between  height  and 
weight  is  estimated  for  each  case  separately.  This  table  also  shows 
the  effect  of  even  a  moderate  variation  from  the  standard  weight 
in  diminishing  or  increasing  the  mortality  from  consumption.  The 
first  group  includes  those  whose  weight  exceeded  the  American 
standard  for  their  height  by  more  than  five  pounds,  the  second 
those  whose  weight  ranged  from  five  pounds  above  to  five  pounds 
below  the  standard,  the  third  those  whose  weight  was  more  than 
five  pounds  under  the  standard. 

TABLE  L. 


Group  I. 

Weight  abovb 

Standard. 

Group  \l. 
Standard  Wbicht. 

Group  III. 

Wright  bklow 

Standard. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Died  of 

Con8ump> 

tion. 

Total  .     . 
Percentag^e   •    . 

2,000 

353 
17.65 

750 

41 
S.47 

560 

100 
17.86 

690 

313 
30.72 

According  to  Table  L,  weight  is  a  most  important  factor  in  regu- 
lating the  percentage  of  death  from  consumption.  The  normal 
mortality  of  17.65  per  cent,  falls  to  5.47  per  cent,  among  those  above 
the  standard  weight,  resumes  its  ordinary  figures  in  Group  II., 
and  rises  to  30.72  per  cent,  among  those  below  the  standard  in 
weight. 

The  figures  are  even  more  striking  in  Table  M,  in  which  the 
2,000  cases  are  classified  according  to  the  presence  or  absence  of 
a  predisposition  to  consumption. 


I50        THE   WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

TABLE   M. 


Group  I. 

Weight  above 

Standard. 

Group  II. 
Standard  Weight. 

Group  III. 

Weight  below 

Standard. 

Total. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Died  of 
Consump- 
tion. 

Total   .     . 

2,000 

353 

750 

41 

560 

100 

690 

212 

General  average  ) 
percentage  .  ) 

17-65 

5-47 

17.86 

30.72 

Class  A.     Predispo- 

sition to  consump- 
tion,  hereditary  or 
acquired,  or  both  . 

448 

127 

163 

10 

99 

27 

186 

90 

Percentage    •    • 

28.35 

6.13 

27.27 

48.39 

Class  B.      No  pre- 

disposition to  con- 

sumption    .       .     . 

1.552 

226 

587 

31 

461 

73 

504 

122 

Percentage    •    • 

14.56 

5.28 

15.84 

24.21 

The  effect  of  a  slight  excess  of  weight  in  almost  annulling  a 
consumptive  tendency  is  shown  by  the  practical  agreement  of 
the  percentages  in  the  two  classes  in  Group  I.  In  Group  II.,  in 
which  there  is  neither  excess  nor  deficiency  of  weight,  the  per- 
centages do  not  vary  materially  from  the  general  average  of  their 
respective  classes.  On  the  other  hand,  in  Group  III.,  the  union 
of  light  weight  and  a  predisposition  to  consumption  gives  a 
mortality  of  48.39  per  cent.,  and  even  among  those  with  no  such 
predisposition,  the  percentage  is  24.21. 


MEDICAL. 


151 


CANCER. 

Although  cancer  is  usually  classed  among  hereditary  diseases, 
there  is  a  wide  difference  of  opinion  among  authorities  as  to  the 
exact  part  played  by  the  hereditary  taint  in  the  causation  of  the 
disease.  Velpeau  believed  that  one  in  three  cases  of  cancer  showed 
an  inherited  predisposition.  Sir  James  Paget's  investigations  yielded 
one  in  four ;  Mr.  Sibley  concluded  from  the  statistics  of  Middlesex 
Hospital  that  the  proportion  was  less  than  one  in  twelve.  The  late 
Willard  Parker  found  a  record  of  cancer  in  the  family  of  only  56 
out  of  397  cases  of  cancer  of  the  breast  operated  upon  by  him.  He 
expresses  it  as  his  well-considered  opinion  that  cancer  is  not  an 
hereditary  disease. 

The  result  of  our  investigations  on  this  point  is  given  in  Table 

A,  below. 

TABLE  A. 


Total. 

Died  of  Cancer. 

Hereditary  tendencies  to  cancer 

2,000 

68 

General  average  percentage 

3.40 

Class  I.     Cancer  in  family  history  . 

56 

I 

Percentage 

1.79 

Class  II.     No  cancer  in  family  history  . 

1.944 

67 

Percentage 

3.45 

Of  the  56  cases  in  Class  I.,  17  lost  a  father,  24  a  mother,  7  a 
brother,  and  8  a  sister  by  cancer.  The  hereditary  tendency  in  all 
these  cases  is  thus  seen  to  be  marked,  and  yet  but  one  of  the  56 
terminated  in  death  by  cancer,  the  percentage  being  actually  less 
than  among  the  1,944  cases  whose  family  history,  up  to  the  time  of 
insurance,  was  free  from  any  cancerous  taint.  This  accidental 
variation  of  percentage  would  no  doubt  disappear  were  the  number 


152         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

of  cases  sufficiently  large  to  give  uniform  results.  As  far  as  these 
figures  go,  they  support  the  opinion  that  has  been  gaining  ground 
of  late  among  medical  men,  namely,  that  the  hereditary  element  is 
not  such  an  important  factor  in  the  production  of  cancer  as  was 
formerly  believed. 

The  average  age  at  insurance  of  the  56  cases  was  43.00  years,  the 
average  age  at  death  52.62  years,  giving  a  duration  of  policy  of 
9.62  years.  As  the  average  duration  of  policy  of  the  2,000  cases 
was  but  8.54  years  (vide  Table  IV.,  Part  I.),  the  cancerous  tendency 
in  the  family  history  cannot  be  said  to  have  lessened  the  longevity 
of  the  56  cases. 

Regarded  from  the  standpoint  of  life  insurance,  then,  a  death 
from  cancer  in  the  family  record  of  an  applicant  does  not  necessarily 
prejudice  the  risk  in  any  respect. 


MEDICAL. 


153 


DISEASES   OF    THE    NERVOUS    AND    CIRCULATORY 

SYSTEMS. 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  and  circulatory  systems  have  so  many 
features  and  symptoms  in  common  that  it  has  seemed  well  to  group 
the  two  classes  in  one  chapter.  Though  these  diseases  are  not 
usually  considered  hereditary,  nevertheless  we  sometimes  find  a 
constitutional  tendency  to  them  transmitted  from  one  generation 
to  another. 

Diseases  of  the  urinary  system  are  also  closely  allied  with  the 
above  diseases,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  include  them  in  this 
study.  It  was,  however,  finally  decided  to  omit  them  for  the  present, 
for  the  sake  of  greater  clearness. 

The  various  tendencies  are  divided  into  "  hereditary "  and 
"acquired,"  as  in  the  chapter  on  consumption.  We  have  followed 
the  same  plan  as  in  that  chapter,  and  arranged  a  similar  series  of 
tables. 

TABLE   A. 


Tendencies  to   Diseases  of 
Nervous  and  Circulatory 
Systems. 

Hereditary 
Tendency. 

Acquired 
Tendency. 

Hereditary 

and  Acquired 

Tendencies. 

No 
Tendency 
Whatever. 

Total          .     2,000 
Percentage  . 

183 

144 
7.20 

36 
1.80 

'.637 
81.85 

As  seen  in  Table  A,  183  cases,  or  9.15  per  cent.,  showed  an 
hereditary  tendency  alone ;  144,  or  7.20  per  cent.,  an  acquired 
tendency  alone ;  and  36,  or  1.80  per  cent,  both  hereditary  and 
acquired  tendencies;  the  remaining  1,637  cases,  or  81.85  percent., 
were  free  from  any  tendency  whatever,  either  in  the  family  record  or 
personal  history. 

In  the  subjoined  table  (B),  we  see  the  apparent  effect  of  these 


154 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 


tendencies  in  increasing  the  mortality  from '  the  diseases  under 
consideration,  the  cases  being  classified  as  in  Table  A,  with  the  num- 
bers and  percentages  dying  in  each  class. 


TABLE  B. 


Tendencies  to  Diseases  of  Nerv- 
ous AND  Circulatory  Systems. 

Total. 

Deaths  by 

Diseases  of 

Total  Deaths 
by  Diseases 
of  Nervous 
and  Circula- 
tory Systems. 

Nervous 
System. 

Circulatory 
System. 

Total          .         . 

2,000 

308 

153 

461 

General  average  percentage 

1540 

7.65 

.     23.05 

Class  I.      Hereditary  tendency 
alone     .... 

183 

37 

2J 

58 

Percentage 

20.22 

11.48 

31.70 

Class  II.      Acquired    tendency 
alone     .... 

144 

30 

15 

45 

Percentage 

20.83 

10.42 

31.25 

Class  III.     Hereditary  and  ac- 
quired tendencies  combined 

36 

8 

8 

16 

Percentage 

22.22 

22.22 

44.44 

Class  IV.   No  tendency  whatever 

1,637 

233 

109 

342 

Percentage 

14.23 

6.66 

20.89 

According  to  Table  B,  the  total  relative  mortality  from  diseases 
of  the  nervous  and  circulatory  systems  is  about  the  same,  whether 
the  tendency  be  hereditary  or  acquired.  The  percentage  rises  to 
44.44  among  those  with  hereditary  and  acquired  tendencies  com- 
bined, and  falls  to  20.89  among  the  1,637  cases  with  no  tendency 
whatever. 

HEREDITARY   TENDENCIES. 

In  Table  C,  the  2,000  cases  are  divided  according  to  the 
presence  or  absence  of  the  hereditary  tendency.  The  219  cases 
comprise  Classes  I.  and  III.  of  Table  B. 


MEDICAL. 
TABLE  C. 


155 


Hereditary  Tendencies  to    Dis- 

ToUL 

Deaths  by 

Diseases  of 

Total  Deaths 
by  Diseases 

eases  OF   Nervous  and  Circu- 
latory Systems. 

Nervous 
System. 

Circulatory 
System. 

of  Nervous 
and  Circula- 
tory Systems, 

Total 

2,000 

308 

153 

461 

General  average  percentage 

15.40 

7.65 

23.05 

Hereditary  tendency 

219 

45 

29 

74 

Percentage    . 

20.55 

13.24 

33.79 

No  hereditary  tendency  . 

1,781 

263 

124 

387 

Percentage    . 

14.77 

6.96 

21.73 

Table  C  does  not  call  for  special  comment. 

In  order  to  study  more  closely  the  219  cases  with  hereditary 
tendencies,  we  have  subdivided  them  according  to  the  nature  of 
those  tendencies  with  the  proportionate  mortality  of  each  class  from 
diseases  of  the  nervous  and  circulatory  systems  respectively. 

TABLE  D. 


Hereditary   Tendencies    to    Dis- 
eases OF  Nervous  and  Circxh-a- 
TORY  Systems. 

Total. 

Deaths  by 

Diseases  op 

Total  Deaths 

by  Diseases  of 

Nervous  and 

Circulatory 

Systems. 

Nervous 
System. 

Circulatory 
System. 

Total 

219 

45 

29 

74 

General  average  percentage 

20.55 

13.24 

33.79 

Class  I.     To  diseases  of  nervous 

system       .... 

154 

34 

18 

Sa 

Percentage   . 

22.08 

11.69 

33.77 

Class  II.    To  diseases  of  circula- 

tory system 

65 

II 

II 

22 

Percentage   . 

16.92 

16.92 

33.84 

156 


THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 


In  Class  I.  of  the  above  table,  the  family  record  suggested  a 
greater  or  less  tendency  to  diseases  of  the  nervous  system.  That 
this  tendency  was  real  in  many  cases  is  shown  by  the  large  percent- 
age of  deaths  from  these  diseases,  viz.,  22.08  per  cent,  the  normal 
percentage  being  only  15.40  (vide  Tables  B  and  C).  Diseases  of  the 
circulatory  system  also  caused  a  high  mortality  in  this  class,  namely, 
11.69  P^^  cent.  As  the  tendencies  of  the  154  cases  in  Class  I.  vary 
greatly  in  their  significance,  we  have  arranged  them  as  follows  : 


TABLE   D'. 


Nature  of  Supposed  Tendency  in  Family  History  to 
Diseases  of  Nervous  System. 


Total 
General  average  percentage   • 

One  or  more  deaths  from  apoplexy 

Percentage  .... 
One  death  from  insanity     . 

Percentage  .... 
One  death  from  alcoholism 

Percentage  .... 
One  death  from  epilepsy    . 

Percentage     .... 


Total. 

Deaths  by 
Diseases 
of  Nerv- 
ous Sys- 
tem. 

154 

34 

22.08 

118 

21     , 

17.80 

15 

5     ^ 

33.33 

12 

4 

33.33 

9 

4 

44.44     . 

36.11  ^. 


The  relative  mortality  among  the  118  cases  with  apoplexy  in  the  family  history 
was  only  17.80  per  cent.  On  the  other  hand,  of  the  36  cases  with  a  family  history  of 
insanity,  alcoholism,  or  epilepsy,  13,  or  36.11  per  cent.,  died  of  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system.  It  should  be  added  that  3  of  the  15  cases  with  hereditary  tendency 
to  insanity  died  by  suicide. 


The  65  cases  in  Class  II.  of  Table  D  reported  one  or  more 
deaths  by  heart  disease  in  their  family  history.  The  mortality  in  this 
class  from  diseases  of  the  circulatory  system  reaches  the  very  high 
percentage  of  16.92,  more  than  double  the  normal  percentage  (7.65). 

We  have  now  to  consider  the  effect  of  adding  an  acquired  tend- 
ency to  the  hereditary  tendencies  described  above. 


MEDICAL. 


157 


On  dividing  the  219  cases  according  to  the  presence  or  absence 
of  an  additional  acquired  predisposition,  we  get  the  following 
Table  E  : 

TABLE   E. 


Hereditary  Tendencies  to 
Diseases  of  Nervous  and 
Circulatory  Systems. 

Total. 

Total 
Deaths  by 
Diseases 
of  Ner- 
vous and 
Circula- 
tory Sys- 
tems. 

Hereditary  Ten- 
dencies Alone, 

Hereditary  and 
Acquired  Tenden- 
cies Combined. 

Deaths  by 

Diseases  of 

Nervous    and 

Circulatory 

Systems. 

Deaths  by 

Diseases  of 

Nervous   and 

Circulatory 

Systems. 

Total 

General  average) 
percentage           ) 

219 

74 
33.79 

183 

58 
32.22 

36 

16 

44-44 

Class  I.     To  diseases  of 
nervous  system 

Percentage 

Class  II.     To  diseases  of 
circulatory  system . 

Percentage 

65 

52 
33.77 

22 
33.84 

"5 
58 

39 
31.20 

«9 
32.76 

29 

7 

13 
44.83 

3 
42.86 

According  to  this  table  the  percentages  of  mortality  are  increased 
in  about  the  same  proportion  in  the  two  classes  by  the  addition  of 
an  acquired  to  the  hereditary  tendency. 


ACQUIRED  TENDENCIES. 

One  hundred  and  eighty  cases  showed  a  more  or  less  marked 
acquired  tendency  to  diseases  of  the  nervous  and  circulatory  systems. 
These  cases  comprise  Classes  II.  and  III.  of  Table  B.  The  36  cases 
of  Class  III.,  in  which  were  combined  hereditary  and  acquired  tend- 
encies, have  already  been  studied  from  the  former  standpoint.  In  the 
subjoined  Table  F,  the  mortality  of  the  180  cases  may  be  compared 
with  that  of  the  1,820  cases  without  any  acquired  predisposition. 


158         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

TABLE  F. 


Acquired  Tendencies  to  Diseases 
OF    Nervous   and    Circulatory 
Systems. 

Total. 

1 
Deaths  by  Diseases  of 

Total    Deaths 
by  Diseases 
of  Nervous 
and  Circula- 
tory Systems. 

Nervous 
System. 

Circulatory 
System. 

Total 
General  average  percentage 

2,000 

308 
15.40 

153 
7.65 

461 
23.05 

Acquired  tendencies 

Percentage    . 
No  acquired  tendencies   . 

Percentage    . 

180 
1,820 

38 
2I.II 

270 

14.83 

23 
12.78 

130 

7.14 

61 

33.89 

400 

21.97 

We  have  divided  these  1 80  cases  into  three  groups,  as  shown  in 
Table  G,  with  the  relative  mortality  for  each  group. 


TABLE   G. 


Acquired  Tendencies  to  Diseases 
OF   Nervous   and   Circulatory 
Systems. 

Total. 

Deaths  by 

Diseases  of 

Total   Deaths 
by  Diseases 
of  Nervous 
and  Circula- 
tory Systems. 

Nervous 
System. 

Circulatory 
System. 

Total 

180 

38 

23 

6i 

General  average  percentage 

2I.II 

12.78 

33.89 

Group  I.    To  Diseases  of  nervous 
system       .... 

18 

8 

8 

Percentage    . 

44.44 

44.44 

Group  II.    To  Diseases  of  circu- 
latory system     . 

19 

4 

2 

6 

Percentage 

21.05 

10.53 

31.58 

Group  III.   Rheumatism  or  gout 
previous  to  insurance 

143 

26 

21 

47 

Percentage 

18.18 

14.69 

32.87 

MEDICAL.  159 

Group  I.,  in  the  above  table,  is  made  up  as  follows : 


Previous  history  of 
Intemperance,  3  cases,  of  whom  i  died  of  disease  of  nervous  system  and  i  by  suicide. 

o  " 

0  '* 

1  " 
"(insan'y)  o  " 

o  '* 
o     " 


Partial  paralysis,        3     " 

"           2 

Convulsions,               2     " 

2 

Nervous  prostration,  3     ' ' 

"           0 

Insanity,                     2     " 

"           2 

Meningitis,                 2     " 

0 

Epilepsy,                    i     '* 

'*           0 

Very  excitable  and 

nervous  at  time  of 

examination,          2     " 

"           I 

ToUl      .      18     " 

8 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system  and  suicides  caused  11  deaths  of  the  18,  or  61. 11  per  cent. 


Group  II.  is  composed  of  i6  cases  with  history  of  irregular  pulse 
previous  to  or  at  the  times  of  examination,  2  cases  with  doubtful 
heart  murmur,  and  i  case  with  slight  cardiac  hypertrophy.  As  seen 
in  the  table,  only  2  of  the  19  cases  died  of  disease  of  the  circulatory 
system,  but  4  died  of  disease  of  the  nervous  system  (apoplexy  in 
each  case). 

Group  III.  includes  136  cases  with  history  of  rheumatism  and  7 
with  history  of  gout.  The  percentage  of  death  from  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system,  while  less  than  in  the  two  previous  groups,  is  still 
considerably  above  the  average  for  the  whole  2,000  cases.  Diseases 
of  the  circulatory  system  caused  a  mortality  of  14.69  per  cent,  about 
double  the  normal  percentage. 

RHEUMATISM. 

It  is  very  important  to  distinguish  between  the  various  kinds  of 
rheumatism,  but  in  the  majority  of  the  136  cases  above  we  are 
unable  to  do  so  with  any  accuracy.  In  68  cases,  or  just  one-half, 
the  disease  is  simply  referred  to  as  "  rheumatism."  In  the  others 
it    is    variously    described    as    "slight"    (38    cases),    "chronic"   or 


i6o         THE    WASHINGTON  LIFE  INSURANCE   COMPANY. 

"occasional"  (4  cases),  and  "acute  articular"  or  "inflammatory" 
(26  cases).  It  is  well  understood  that  acute  articular  or  inflam- 
matory rheumatism  is  the  form  most  apt  to  involve  the  heart,  and 
yet  of  the  26  cases  only  i,  or  3.85  per  cent,  died  of  disease  of  the 
heart,  while  of  the  38  "slight"  cases,  10,  or  26.32  per  cent.,  died  of 
heart  disease.  These  percentages  are  directly  the  opposite  of  what 
we  should  a  priori  expect,  especially  the  low  mortality  among  the  26 
cases,  who,  according  to  their  own  statement,  had  suffered  from 
acute  inflammatory  rheumatism.  The  following  seems  to  us  a 
^reasonable  explanation  of  this  apparent  anomaly  :  The  words 
"  inflammatory  rheumatism  "  in  the  26  cases  would  naturally  arrest 
the  attention  of  the  examiner  and  lead  to  a  more  thorough 
examination  of  the  heart,  with  the  result  of  excluding  any  case  of 
heart  disease  already  developed.  The  consequence  of  this  careful 
selection  would  be  to  give  us  26  individuals  unusually  free  from 
cardiac  weakness,  hence  the  small  mortality  subsequently  from  heart 
disease.  On  the  other  hand,  "  slight  rheumatism "  is  so  common 
that  its  simple  mention  in  the  personal  history  of  an  applicant 
hardly  attracts  any  notice,  and  yet  many  of  these  cases,  if  they  were 
investigated,  would  probably  prove  to  have  been  of  the  severe 
inflammatory  type,  with  involvement  of  the  heart. 

[Among  the  risks  rejected  by  this  Company  were  229,  in  which  the  cause  of 
rejection  was  organic  disease  of  the  heart.  Sixty-one  of  the  229,  or  26.64  per  cent., 
had  had  inflammatory  rheumatism.  On  the  other  hand,  there  were  only  10  cases, 
or  4.37  per  cent,  of  the  229,  in  which  the  history  was  of  "slight  rheumatism." 
These  figures  are  in  full  accord  with  the  explanation  suggested  above.] 

Two  of  the   136  rheumatic  cases  died  of  rheumatism. 

The  mortality  of  the  7  gouty  cases  was  distributed  as  follows  : 
Gout  2  (hereditary  taint  also  in  both  cases),  apoplexy  i,  heart  disease 
I  (father  and  sister  died  of  rheumatism,  brother  of  apoplexy), 
cirrhosis  of  liver  i,  stricture  of  oesophagus   i,   B right's  disease  i. 

In  order  to  show  the  effect  of  the  presence  or  absence  of  an 
additional  hereditary  tendency,  we  have  divided  the  180  cases  into 
two  classes,  as  follows: 


MEDICAL, 
TABLE  H. 


I6i 


Total 
deaths  by 

Acquired  Tenden- 
cies Alone. 

Acquired  and  He- 
reditary Tenden- 
cies Combined. 

Acquired    Tendencies   to 
Disease  of  Nervous  and 
Circulatory  Systems. 

Total. 

Diseases 
of  Ner- 
vous and 
Circula- 
tory Sys- 
tems. 

Deaths  by 

Disease   of 

Nervous  and 

Circulatory 

Systems. 

Deaths  by 
Disease  of 

Nervous  and 

Circulatory 

Systems. 

Total  . 

1 80 

61 

144 

45 

36 

16 

General  average) 
percentage           \ 

33.89 

31.25 

44.44 

Class  I.     To  diseases  of 

nervous  system 

18 

8 

13 

7 

5 

I 

Percentage  • 

44.44 

53.85 

20.00 

Class  II.     To  diseases  of 

circulatory  system  . 

19 

6 

13 

5 

6 

I 

Percentage  . 

31.58 

38.46 

16.67 

Class  III.  Rheumatism  or 

gout   previous  to  in- 

surance   . 

143 

47 

118 

33 

25 

14 

Percentage     • 

32.87 

27.97 

56.00 

In  Classes  I.  and  II.  of  Table  H,  the  number  of  cases  is  too 
small  when  thus  divided  to  give  uniform  results.  In  these  classes, 
also,  the  acquired  tendency  is  so  much  more  important  than  the 
hereditary  tendency  that  any  variation  may  well  be  considered 
accidental.  In  Class  III.  the  percentage  is  doubled  by  the  addition 
of  the  hereditary  tendency. 


II 


